困境儿童的福利需求、救助不足与保护机制研究 —— 基于困境儿童的类型化分析

  目的  了解困境家庭学龄儿童心理困难和亲社会行为状况并与普通儿童比较，评估困境家庭儿童心理健康需求，为开展适度普惠型儿童福利制度提供实证依据。  方法  2018年8 — 9月，针对困境家庭儿童进行的全国抽样调查数据，应用独立样本t检验和单项有序秩和检验（Matel-Haenszel χ²检验）等统计分析方法，比较2 099名困境家庭儿童和666名对照普通儿童长处和困难量表各因子得分及异常率并分性别分析。  结果  6～9岁困境家庭儿童情绪因子[（2.107 ± 1.977）分]（异常检出率15.5 %）和同伴交往因子[（3.449 ± 1.497）分]（异常检出率8.5 %）得分及异常检出率均明显高于对照儿童（P < 0.05）；10～15岁困境家庭儿童多动[（3.459 ± 1.691）分]（异常检出率3.7 %）、情绪[（2.121 ± 1.987）分]（异常检出率7.4 %）、品行[（2.214 ± 1.563）分]（异常检出率8.7 %）、同伴交往因子[（3.352 ± 1.445）分]（异常检出率8.1 %）得分及异常检出率均明显高于对照儿童（P < 0.01），亲社会行为因子[（5.570 ± 2.337）分]得分明显低于对照儿童（P < 0.001）,异常检出率（28.3 %）明显高于对照儿童（P < 0.001）。6～9岁困境家庭女童亲社会行为因子[（5.229 ± 2.366）]明显低于对照女童。10～14岁困难家庭男童[（5.630 ± 2.372）分]和女童[（5.500 ± 2.295）分]亲社会行为因子得分明显低于对照男、女童（P < 0.01）。  结论  困境家庭儿童各项心理困难发生风险高、亲社会行为表现较差；年龄较大、女性困境家庭儿童应是心理健康干预措施的重中之重。

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note

  Objective  To examine disparities in psychological difficulty and prosocial behavior among the children in difficult families (CDF) and in normal families and to provide empirical evidences for assessing the mental health needs of CDF and developing a moderately inclusive child welfare system.  Methods  The data of the study were from a national survey on CDF conducted during August – September of 2018. The participants were 6 – 15 years old children (2 099 CDF and 666 age- and gender-matched control children in normal families) recruited with multistage sampling in 7 provincial regions across China. Household face-to-face interviews were carried out in the participants using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Independent sample t test and monotonic ordinal rank-sum test (Matel-Haenszel χ²) were adopted in analyses.  Results  Compared to those in the control children, the score and abnormality detection rate of emotional symptoms (2.107 ± 1.977, 15.5%) and peer-communication (3.449 ± 1.497, 8.5%) were significantly higher in the 6 – 9 years old CDF (all P < 0.05); but the score of prosocial behavior (5.229 ± 2.366) was significantly lower in the 6 – 9 years old female CDF (P < 0.001). In contrast to the controls, the 10 – 15 years old CDF had significantly higher score and abnormality detection rate of hyperactivity-inattention (3.459 ± 1.691, 3.7%), emotional symptoms (2.121 ± 1.987, 7.4%), conduct problems (2.214 ± 1.563, 8.7%), and peer-communication (3.352 ± 1.445, 8.1% ) (P < 0.001 for all); however, the 10 – 15 years old CDF had significantly lower score but higher abnormality detection rate of prosocial behavior (5.570 ± 2.337, 28.3%) (both P < 0.001); the prosocial behavior score of 10 – 15 years old CDF was significantly lower in the males (5.630 ± 2.372) and the females (5.500 ± 2.295) than in the controls (both P < 0.01).   Conclusion  The 6 – 15 years old children in difficult families are at high risk of various psychological difficulties and may perform prosocial behaviors poorly; the situation needs to be concerned, especially for the girls and the elder children.