How loss of meaning with preservation of phonological word form affects immediate serial recall performance: a linguistic account

We present HP, a patient who following the occurrence of herpes simplex encephalitis, lost the ability to understand a subset of words while others remained preserved. Of particular interest is the fact that the meaningless items retained their lexical status. HP's immediate serial recall of meaningless words was thus compared with that of meaningful words to assess the unique contribution of semantic knowledge without the confounding influence of phonological word (lexical) form. The results revealed a clear recall advantage for meaningful over meaningless words, indicating a specific contribution to recall from the semantic level of representation. Furthermore, an error analysis showed that phonemic errors were most common when semantic information was lacking. Interestingly, the same error pattern was found for pseudo-words that shared phonological elements with meaningless words. These findings support a linguistic and interactive activation account of short-term serial recall, which assumes that all levels of representation, including semantic knowledge about words, contribute to recall performance. In addition, the findings provide preliminary evidence that this view may be extended to the recall of pseudo-words, as there appear to be some influences of semantic representation on pseudo-word recall.