Effects of nicotine on novelty detection and memory recognition performance: double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of smokers and nonsmokers |
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Authors: | Brett Froeliger David G Gilbert F Joseph McClernon |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box 2701, Durham, NC 27708, USA;(2) Psychology Department, Southern Illinois University—Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA |
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Abstract: | Rationale Dependent smokers exhibit deficits in attentional and memory processes when smoking abstinent as compared to when satiated.
While nicotine replacement therapy improves attention during abstinence, it is unclear whether this is due to the alleviation
of withdrawal-related deficits or inherent beneficial effects of nicotine.
Objectives The primary aim of these studies was to test whether nicotine exerts a beneficial effect on novelty detection and whether
such effects occur in nonsmokers as well as habitual smokers.
Materials and methods In two parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, 24 smokers (study 1) and 24 nonsmokers (study 2) were tested in
two counterbalanced sessions: once while wearing a nicotine patch (smokers = 14 mg; nonsmokers = 7 mg) and once while wearing
a placebo patch. On each day, participants performed three content-specific oddball tasks (perceptual, semantic, and emotional)
that required them to press a button whenever they saw a novel target (20% of stimuli) embedded in a stream of common nontarget
stimuli (80% of stimuli). Recognition memory for targets was subsequently tested. Reports of mood, smoking withdrawal, patch
side effects, and blind success were collected in each session.
Results Among smokers, compared to placebo, nicotine decreased target reaction time during all oddball tasks. Among nonsmokers, nicotine
increased target detection accuracy and subsequent memory recognition. Nicotine’s enhancement on each respective measure was
not task-content specific in either sample.
Conclusions These data suggest that acute nicotine administration may exert direct beneficial effects on novelty detection and subsequent
memory recognition in both smokers and nonsmokers. Moreover, these effects are not content-specific. |
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Keywords: | Nicotine Smoking Nonsmoker Smoker Novelty Memory Cognition Dopaminergic Human |
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