Kidney stone disease and risk factors for coronary heart disease

BACKGROUND: We conducted a case-control study to examine the impact of coronal heart disease (CHD) risk factors on calcium oxalate (CaOX) stone formation. METHODS: Variables included body mass index (BMI), current alcohol use, smoking habit, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and hyperuricemia. Data suf fi cient for analysis were obtained for 181 CaOX stone formers and 187 controls. RESULTS: Seven of 181 stone formers (3.9%) had a history of CHD compared with none of 187 control subjects (P = 0.007). In univariate logistic regression analysis, smoking habit (OR 4.41, 95% CI 2.85-6.84, P < 0.0001), hypertension (OR 4.24, 95% CI 2.61-6.91, P < 0.0001), hypercholesterolemia (OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.77-5.20, P < 0.0001) and BMI (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.04-1.17, P = 0.007) reached statistical signi fi cance. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, smoking habit (OR 4.29, 95% CI 2.68-6.86, P < 0.0001), hypertension (OR 3.57, 95% CI 2.11-6.07, P < 0.0001), and hypercholesterolemia (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.51-5.00, P = 0.001) reached statistical signi fi cance, while BMI (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.99-1.12, P = 0.09) did not. CONCLUSIONS: CaOX stone formers are signi fi cantly associated with several CHD risk factors, including smoking habit, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity.