Fracture toughening mechanism of cortical bone: an experimental and numerical approach |
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| Authors: | An Bingbing Liu Yang Arola Dwayne Zhang Dongsheng |
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| Affiliation: | aShanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai, 200072, China;bDepartment of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, 200003, China;cDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA;dDepartment of Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China;eShanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai, 200072, China |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
In this investigation, the crack propagation mechanisms contributing to the toughness of cortical bone were studied using a combination of experimental and numerical approaches. Compact tension (CT) specimens were prepared from bovine cortical bones to achieve crack propagation in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Stable crack extension experiments were conducted to distinguish the crack growth resistance curves, and virtual multidimensional internal bond (VMIB) modeling was adopted to simulate the fracture responses. Results from experiments indicated that cortical bone exhibited rising resistance curves (R-curves) for crack extension parallel and perpendicular to the bone axis; the transverse fracture toughness was significantly larger, indicating that the fracture properties of cortical bone are substantially anisotropic. Microscopic observations showed that the toughening mechanisms in the longitudinal and transverse directions were different. When the crack grew in the transverse direction, the crack deflected significantly, and crack bifurcations were found at the crack wake, while, in the longitudinal direction, the crack was straight and uncracked ligaments were observed. Numerical simulations also revealed that the fracture resistance in the transverse direction was greater than that in the longitudinal direction. |
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| Keywords: | Cortical bone Fracture toughness Compact tension Numerical modeling |
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