Magnesium in Obesity,Metabolic Syndrome,and Type 2 Diabetes |
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Authors: | Gabriele Piuri Monica Zocchi Matteo Della Porta Valentina Ficara Michele Manoni Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti Luciano Pinotti Jeanette A. Maier Roberta Cazzola |
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Affiliation: | 1.Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, Università di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (G.P.); (M.Z.); (M.D.P.); (V.F.); (G.V.Z.); (J.A.M.);2.Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (L.P.);3.Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini, 2154 Milan, Italy |
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Abstract: | Magnesium (Mg2+) deficiency is probably the most underestimated electrolyte imbalance in Western countries. It is frequent in obese patients, subjects with type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, both in adulthood and in childhood. This narrative review aims to offer insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms linking Mg2+ deficiency with obesity and the risk of developing metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Literature highlights critical issues about the treatment of Mg2+ deficiency, such as the lack of a clear definition of Mg2+ nutritional status, the use of different Mg2+ salts and dosage and the different duration of the Mg2+ supplementation. Despite the lack of agreement, an appropriate dietary pattern, including the right intake of Mg2+, improves metabolic syndrome by reducing blood pressure, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. This occurs through the modulation of gene expression and proteomic profile as well as through a positive influence on the composition of the intestinal microbiota and the metabolism of vitamins B1 and D. |
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Keywords: | magnesium magnesium deficiency magnesium supplementation obesity metabolic syndrome type 2 diabetes gut microbiota vitamin D |
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