心脏移植的过去、现在和未来

心脏移植是治疗终末期心力衰竭最有效的策略之一。心脏同种移植面临供心保存困难、排斥反应和术后并发症多等诸多问题。经过数十年的研究和实践，大多问题已得到解决，然而器官短缺问题日益凸显。为缓解器官短缺，人工心脏和心脏异种移植方案受到重视，且近年来获得重大进展。人工心脏应用于临床后极大改善了终末期心力衰竭患者的生存率，有望成为终末期心力衰竭的标准疗法。心脏异种移植还面临许多挑战，距离真正应用于临床还很遥远。本文对心脏移植的历史、心脏同种移植的发展、人工心脏的使用和心脏异种移植的进展做一综述，并对心脏移植未来的发展方向进行展望。

The past,present and future of heart transplantation

Heart transplantation is one of the most effective strategies to treat end-stage heart failure. Multiple challenges, such as difficulty in preservation of heart allograft, rejection and postoperative complications, emerge in heart allotransplantation. After decades of research and practice, most problems have been resolved. Nevertheless, the shortage of donor organs has become increasingly prominent. To alleviate the shortage of donor organs, artificial heart and heart xenotransplantation have captivated attention, and obtained significant progress in recent years. The application of artificial heart in clinical practice has significantly enhanced the survival rate of patients with end-stage heart failure, which is expected to become the standard treatment for end-stage heart failure. Heart xenotransplantation still faces many challenges, which is still far from clinical application. In this article, the history of heart transplantation, development of heart allotransplantation, use of artificial heart and research progress on heart xenotransplantation were reviewed, and the future development direction of heart transplantation was predicted.