A new T‐cell activation mode for suboptimal doses of antigen under the full activation of T cells with different specificity

Loss of tolerance for autoantigens is a common feature in autoimmune diseases. Bystander T‐cell activation is the activation of T cells to produce functional changes through TCR‐independent stimulation. Although bystander activation may be related to tolerance loss to multiple autoantigens, the activation mechanism of T cells directed to an autoantigen with limited amount is not clear. We investigated an activation mode of T cells (designated as “associator T cells”) directed to a suboptimal dose of cognate antigen X in the presence of fully activated T cells (designated as “responder T cells”) directed to an optimal dose of antigen Y. In in vitro coculture, the activation of associator T cells was dependent on the presentation of antigen X, and soluble factors from activated responder T cells were not sufficient. Therefore, we conclude this activation mode is different from bystander activation and named it “extended antigen priming (EAP)”. T cells with EAP showed a different phenotype compared to conventionally primed cells, suggesting the unique nature of EAP. Intriguingly, EAP was dependent on the CD40–CD40L signaling pathway. Thus, the EAP model is a T‐cell activation mode for suboptimal dose of antigen and presumably related to the immune response to autoantigens in autoimmune status.