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The weight of fatherhood: identifying mechanisms to explain paternal perinatal weight gain
Authors:Darby Saxbe  Geoffrey W. Corner  Mona Khaled  Katelyn Horton  Brian Wu  Hannah Lyden Khoddam
Affiliation:1. Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA;2. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Abstract:
Men appear to gain weight during the transition to parenthood, and fathers are heavier than non-fathers. Paternal perinatal weight gain may set weight trajectories in midlife and have long-term health implications. Since men do not undergo the physical demands of pregnancy and breastfeeding, the specific mechanisms underlying weight gain in new fathers warrant investigation. This review aims to stimulate research on paternal perinatal weight gain by suggesting testable potential mechanisms that (1) show change across the transition to parenthood and (2) play a role in weight and body composition. We identify seven mechanisms, within three categories: behavioural mechanisms (sleep, physical activity, and diet), hormonal mechanisms (testosterone and cortisol), and psychological mechanisms (depression and stress). We also discuss direct effects of partner pregnancy influences (e.g., ‘couvade syndrome’) on men’s body weight. In presenting each mechanism, we discuss how it may be affected by the transition to parenthood, and then review its role in body composition and weight. Next, we describe bidirectional and interactive effects, discuss timing, and present three broad research questions to propel theoretical development.
Keywords:Fathers  weight  obesity  adiposity  paternal  testosterone  HPA axis  sleep  physical activity  exercise  mood disorders  couples
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