铅蓄电池加工中铅危害的关键控制点分析

目的了解铅蓄电池加工行业中铅危害的分布和强度，提出控制该行业铅危害的防治关键环节和措施。方法选取广东某铅蓄电池加工企业作为调查对象，依据《工作场所空气中有害物质监测的采样规范》，采用职业卫生调查和现场检测相结合的方法，明确铅危害的关键控制作业点和岗位。结果现场检测数据显示，共检测26个重点铅作业岗位的铅TWA浓度，其中14个岗位的铅TWA浓度超标，超标率达53．8％；超标岗位主要分布在合膏涂板组、化成组、切板组、组立课车间。共检测了车间37个作业点的铅烟／尘短时间浓度，结果显示17个作业点的铅烟／尘短时间浓度超过职业接触限值，超标率达45．9％；超标点主要分布在铸造组车间、合膏涂板组车间、切板组车间、组立课车间。职业健康体检血铅结果表明，某铅蓄电池加工企业2011年职工的血铅水平明显高于2010年职工的血铅（t=一5．5，P〈0．01）。结论铸造组车间、合膏涂板组车间、切板组车间、化成组车间、组立课车间的铅烟／尘超标严重，铅蓄电池加工行业的铅危害程度较大。铅蓄电池加工行业应加强铅蓄电池加工车间超标点的局部通风设施效果，加强保洁管理，减少二次扬尘，改善整体大环境，并且加强工人有效个体防护和养成良好个人卫生习惯。

Key control points analysis of lead hazards in lead battery manufacturing

Objective To explore the distribution and concentration of lead hazards in lead battery manufacture industry, and analyze the key points and measures to control lead hazards. Methods According to Specifications of Air Sampling for Hazardous Substances Monitoring on the Workplace, occupational hygiene investigation and occupational hazards detection were carried out in a lead battery manufacture industry in Guangdong. Results Twenty - six posts mainly exposed to lead was selected to be detected the personal time - weighted average concentration of lead, and lead exposure concentration of 14 posts exceeded the occupational exposure limits, and the unqualified rates was 53.8%. The unqualified posts were mainly from painting, plate - cutting, formation and assembly workshops. Lead concentration of 17 working sites in total 37 working sites exceeded the occupational exposure limits, the unqualified rates was up to 45.9%. The unqualified working sites were mostly from casting, painting, plate - cutting and assembly workshops. Compared to blood lead levels of workers in 2010, blood lead levels of workers increased significantly in 2011 （ t = - 5.5, P 〈 0. 01 ）. Conclusion The lead hazards of casting, painting, plate - cutting, formation and assembly workshops exceed the occupational exposure limits seriously, the lead hazards of lead battery manufacture industry are severe. It is suggested to strengthen local ventilation effect of unqualified working sites, and promote workshop cleaning to reduce secondary lead dust and improve whole environment. Furthermore, effective personal protection and having a good hygiene habit are also promoted.