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Therapeutic applications of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in movement disorders: A review
Affiliation:1. Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy;2. IRCSS Neuromed Institute, Pozzilli, IS, Italy;1. Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy;2. University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy;3. Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain;4. UOC Neurologia, Ospedale S. Eugenio, P.le dell''Umanesimo 10, 00144 Rome, Italy;5. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain;1. Department of Neurology, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;2. Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands;3. Department of Psychiatry, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;4. Ghent University, Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;1. Sakarya Yenikent State Hospital, Department of Neurology, Sakarya 54000, Turkey;2. Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, İzmir, Turkey;3. Yeditepe University, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey;1. Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan;2. School of Medicine, Medical College, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan;3. Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan;4. Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan;5. Department of Neurology & Stroke, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
Abstract:Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is emerging as a valuable adjunctive therapeutic modality in movement disorders. It is a non-invasive technique of repeated stimulation of the cerebral cortex by a train of magnetic pulses. The therapeutic effect of rTMS was first noted in depression. Later several researchers have investigated the role of rTMS in various movement disorders, notably Parkinson's disease, dystonia, Tourette's syndrome etc. The rTMS protocols used in these studies vary widely, lacks uniformity and often the results are not consistent. The optimal rTMS parameters for each disorder are yet to be established. This review discusses the current knowledge on the therapeutic applications of rTMS in various movement disorders.
Keywords:Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation  Cortical excitability  Silent period  Motor evoked potential  Intracortical facilitation  Intracortical inhibition
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