Maternal periconceptional occupational exposure to pesticides and selected musculoskeletal birth defects |
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| Affiliation: | 1. NYS Department of Health, Center for Environmental Health, Troy, NY, United States;2. University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY, United States;3. Upstate Medical University, SUNY, Syracuse, NY, United States;4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Cincinnati, OH, United States;5. Stewart Exposure Assessments, LLC, Arlington, VA, United States;6. National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States;7. University of Iowa School of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, United States;1. Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), Montréal, Québec, Canada;2. Département de santé environnementale et de santé au travail, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada;1. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;2. Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;3. Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA;4. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;5. Division of Research on Public Health, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico;6. Center for Evaluation Research and Surveys, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico;7. Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA;8. Ministry of Health, Distrito Federal, Mexico;9. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada;10. Division of Statistics, Center for Surveys and Evaluation Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico;1. Department of Community Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, USA;2. Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA 31030, USA;1. Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China;2. Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618104), Harbin 150081, China;1. Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China;2. Chongqing Institute of Science and Technology for Population and Family Planning, Chongqing, PR China;3. Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China;4. Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China |
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| Abstract: | This population-based U.S. study investigated the association between major musculoskeletal malformations and periconceptional maternal occupational pesticide exposure for a wide range of occupations. We conducted a multi-site case–control analysis using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study among employed women with due dates from October 1, 1997 through December 31, 2002. Cases included 871 live-born, stillborn, or electively terminated fetuses with isolated craniosynostosis, gastroschisis, diaphragmatic hernia, or transverse limb deficiencies. Controls included 2857 live-born infants without major malformations. Using self-reported maternal occupational information, an industrial hygienist used a job-exposure matrix and expert opinion to evaluate the potential for exposure to insecticides, herbicides or fungicides for each job held during one month pre-conception through three months post-conception. Exposures analyzed included any exposure (yes/no) to pesticides, to insecticides only, to both insecticides and herbicides (I + H) and to insecticides, herbicides and fungicides (I + H + F). We used logistic regression to evaluate the association between exposures and defects, controlling for infant and maternal risk factors. Occupational exposure to I + H + F was associated with gastroschisis among infants of women aged 20 years or older (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16–3.05), but not for women under age 20 (aOR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.20–1.16). We found no significant associations for the other defects. Additional research is needed to validate these findings in a separate population. |
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| Keywords: | Pesticides Maternal occupational exposure Craniosynostosis Gastroschisis Diaphragmatic hernia Transverse limb deficiencies |
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