Korean Environmental Health Survey in Children and Adolescents (KorEHS-C): Survey design and pilot study results on selected exposure biomarkers |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Dandae-ro 119, Cheonan, Korea;2. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea;3. Department of Information Statistics, College of Natural Science, Korean National Open University, Seoul, Korea;4. Department of Statistics, College of Natural Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea;5. Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea;6. Institute of Environmental Safety and Protection, NeoEnBiz Co., Bucheon, Korea;7. Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, Korea;8. Department of Pediatrics, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea;9. Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea;10. Department of Pediatrics, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea;11. Cancer Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea;12. Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea;1. Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany;2. Water Institute, Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Rosenau Hall, CB #7431, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, United States;1. Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany;2. University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium;3. BiPRO GmbH, Munich, Germany;4. Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Brussels, Belgium;5. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain;6. Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Germany;7. Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium;8. Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom;9. University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;10. Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia;11. Environmental Health Science International, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;1. Department of Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Germany;2. Department of Social Epidemiology, Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research, University of Bremen, Germany;1. University of Torino, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Torino, Italy;2. University of Torino, Department of Chemistry, Torino, Italy;3. Unit of Respiratory Medicine, National Health Service (ASL TO2), Turin, Italy;1. Department of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany;2. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany;3. RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany;4. Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany;5. MVZ Labor Dr. Stein + Kollegen, Mönchengladbach, Germany;6. LDZ, University Hospital, Aachen, Germany;1. Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea;4. Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea;5. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea;6. Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;7. Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea;8. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | For the first nationwide representative survey on the environmental health of children and adolescents in Korea, we designed the Korean Environmental Health Survey in Children and Adolescents (KorEHS-C) as a two-phase survey and planned a sampling strategy that would represent the whole population of Korean children and adolescents, based on the school unit for the 6-19 years age group and the household unit for the 5 years or less age group. A pilot study for 351 children and adolescents aged 6 to 19 years in elementary, middle, and high school of two cities was performed to validate several measurement methods and tools, as well as to test their feasibility, and to elaborate the protocols used throughout the survey process. Selected exposure biomarkers, i.e., lead, mercury, cadmium in blood, and bisphenol A, metabolites of diethylhexyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate and cotinine in urine were analyzed. We found that the levels of blood mercury (Median: 1.7 ug/L) and cadmium (Median: 0.30 ug/L) were much higher than those of subjects in Germany and the US, while metabolites of phthalates and bisphenol A showed similar levels and tendencies by age; the highest levels of phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A occurred in the youngest group of children. Specific investigations to elucidate the exposure pathways of major environmental exposure need to be conducted, and the KorEHS-C should cover as many potential environmental hazards as possible. |
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| Keywords: | Environmental Health Survey Children and adolescents Framework Sampling strategy Human biomonitoring Pilot study |
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