The influence of maximal and submaximal cyclic concentric and eccentric exercise on chondrocyte death and synovial fluid proteins in the rabbit knee

BackgroundMechanical stimulation of joints regulates the biosynthetic activity of chondrocytes. It has been argued that excessive loading might cause chondrocyte death, leading to degeneration of cartilage and cause osteoarthritis. The aims of this study were to apply a high, short-term loading, and a low intensity, long-term loading protocol to intact joints in life animals and determine changes in synovial fluid and the percentage of dead cells in rabbit knee cartilage.MethodNine rabbits were subjected to unilateral exercise loading consisting of five sets of 10 maximal eccentric knee contractions. Another 6 rabbits were subjected to submaximal concentric contractions for 30 min at 20% of the maximum isometric knee extensor force. Contralateral joints served as unloaded controls. Cell viability was assessed using confocal microscopy. Synovial fluid was analyzed for total protein concentration and total number of identifiable proteins and was compared to protein content of control rabbits (n = 4).FindingsNeither the high-intensity, short-term nor the low-intensity, long-term loading protocol caused increased chondrocyte death compared to the unloaded control joints. Total synovial fluid protein concentration was the same before and after exercise. Following the high-intensity exercise protocol, the number of identifiable proteins was decreased, while following the low-intensity exercise protocol, the number of identifiable proteins was increased compared to control.InterpretationChondrocytes are well protected in the intact joint and withstood maximal eccentric muscular loading, and maximal endurance loading. Synovial fluid protein content was changed after exercise, and these changes depended crucially on the type of loading.