Low dose extended exposure to saxitoxin and its potential neurodevelopmental effects: A review |
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| Institution: | 1. Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 3 Medical School South, Frome Rd, Adelaide, 5005, South Australia, Australia;2. Australian Water Quality Center, SA Water House, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia;1. Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, 55 of Zhongshan West Avenue, Guangzhou 510631, PR China;2. Guangdong Provincial key Laboratory of Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, 55 of Zhongshan West Avenue, Guangzhou 510631, PR China;3. Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, Copenhagen, Denmark;4. Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Malaysia;5. Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China;1. Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/IFREMER, 29280 Plouzané, France;2. Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France;1. Emergency Response Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA;2. Epidemic Intelligence Service, (Alaska Section of Epidemiology), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA;3. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MC-100-44, P.O. Box 117, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-0117, USA;4. Fisheries Technology, University of Alaska Southeast, 2600 7th Ave, Ketchikan, AK 99901, USA;5. Alaska Environmental Health Laboratory, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, 5251 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Ave., Anchorage, AK 99507, USA;6. Marine Biotoxins Program, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112 USA;7. National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA;8. School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 17101 Point Lena Loop Rd., Juneau, AK 99801, USA;9. Section of Epidemiology, Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, 3601 C Street, Suite 540, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA;1. Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China;2. Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China;3. Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Pharmacology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, China;1. Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France;2. INRA, Plate-forme Genotoul Bioinfo, UR875, Auzeville, France;3. UMR 5805 EPOC, CNRS – Université de Bordeaux, F-33120 Arcachon, France;4. GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, INRA Auzeville, France;5. Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France;6. Northeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, 212 Rogers Avenue, Milford, CT 06460, USA;7. LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d’Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France;1. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China;2. Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China;3. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China |
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| Abstract: | Saxitoxin (STX) and its analogs, the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), are a group of potent neurotoxins well known for their role in acute paralytic poisoning by preventing the generation of action potentials in neuronal cells. They are found in both marine and freshwater environments globally and although acute exposure from the former has previously received more attention, low dose extended exposure from both sources is possible and to date has not been investigated. Given the known role of cellular electrical activity in neurodevelopment this pattern of exposure may be a significant public health concern. Additionally, the presence of PSTs is likely to be an ongoing and possibly increasing problem in the future. This review examines the neurodevelopmental toxicity of STX, the risk of extended or repeated exposure to doses with neurodevelopmental effects, the potential implications of this exposure and briefly, the steps taken and difficulties faced in preventing exposure. |
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| Keywords: | Saxitoxin Voltage gated sodium channel Neurodevelopment Drinking water Seafood |
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