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Influence of smoking on human milk tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐1β, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 levels at postpartum seventh day
Authors:Bahri Ermis  Abdulkadir Yildirim  Ayhan Tastekin  Rahmi Ors
Affiliation:1. Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Karaelmas University, Zonguldak, Departments of;2. Biochemistry and;3. Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
Abstract:Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on human milk interleukin‐1β, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 levels at the postpartum seventh day. Methods: Forty‐four mothers (age range: 21–34 years) were enrolled in the study. Mothers were interviewed and classified according to their smoking status into one of two groups: the smoking mothers (n= 21) and the nonsmoking mothers (n= 23). Results: There were no significant differences between study groups with respect to human milk interleukin‐1β (P= 0.12) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 levels (P= 0.83). However, TNF‐α levels were found to be significantly lower in the smoking mothers compared with the controls (P= 0.002). Conclusion: This study shows that maternal smoking during pregnancy affects the levels of TNF‐α in milk. The protective effect of human milk against infections seems to be impaired in smoking mothers.
Keywords:cytokines  human milk  maternal smoking  pregnancy  tumor necrosis factor‐α  
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