MR imaging of capitellar ossification: a study in children of different ages

Background

The capitellar ossification center is used routinely to evaluate elbow alignment on radiography. However, whether capitellar ossification is central and concentric to support this practice is unknown.

Objective

To define the pattern of capitellar ossification at different ages of childhood.

Materials and methods

This HIPAA-compliant study was IRB approved. MR imaging examinations from 81 children (ages 1–13 years, at least 3 boys and 3 girls in each age group) were included. We determined the center points of the ossified capitellum and the cartilaginous capitellum on the sagittal and coronal sequences that best showed differentiation between cartilage and bone. Percentage offset of the center of the ossified capitellum from the center of the cartilaginous capitellum was calculated in anterior–posterior, proximal–distal and medial–lateral dimensions, and compared across age groups and between genders. Linear regressions were used to ascertain the effect of age on percentage offset for all patients and for each gender.

Results

Capitellar ossification begins eccentrically with sagittal anterior proximal offset and coronal medial offset. With age, ossification proceeds posteriorly, distally and laterally. Percentage offset gradually diminishes with age. The ossified capitellum centralizes in the sagittal plane by 12–13 years. In the coronal plane, the capitellum ossifies medially beyond the proximal radioulnar joint and remains eccentric at 12–13 years. Centralization in boys lags in the anterior–posterior dimension.

Conclusion

Capitellar ossification is an eccentric process, with lag in anterior–posterior centralization in boys. Medial offset persists at 12–13 years. Recognition of this eccentric ossification may allow for more accurate assessment of elbow alignment on radiographs, especially in younger children.