Role of the endothelium in modulating neointimal formation: vasculoprotective approaches to attenuate restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions

Restenosis at the site of an endoluminal procedure remains a significant problem in the practice of interventional cardiology. We present current data on intimal hyperplasia, which identify the major role of endothelial cells (ECs) in the development of restenosis. Considering endothelial denudation as one of the most important mechanisms contributing to restenosis, we focus more attention on methods of accelerating restoration of endothelial continuity. Prevention of restenosis may be achieved by promoting endothelial regeneration through the use of growth factors, EC seeding, vessel reconstruction with autologous EC/fibrin matrix, and the use of estrogen-loaded stents and stents designed to capture progenitor ECs.