Relationships between the paradoxical painful and nonpainful sensations induced by a thermal grill |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Inserm U-987, Centre d’Evaluation et de Traitement de la Douleur, CHU Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, France;2. Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin, Versailles, France;1. Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China;2. Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China;3. Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;1. Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO 63104, USA;2. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy;3. Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA;1. Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain;2. Movement Disorders and Autonomic Unit, Neurology Service, Cruces University Hospital, Basque Health Service (Osakidetza), Spain;1. Palliative Care, Pain Therapy and Rehabilitation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy;2. European Palliative Care Research Centre (PRC), Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway;3. Academic Unit of Palliative Care, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK;4. Cancer Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway;5. Division of Palliative Care Medicine Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada;6. Section of Palliative Medicine, Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark;7. Anesthesia and Intensive Care & Pain Relief and Palliative Care Unit, la Maddalena Cancer Center, Palermo and University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy;1. Klinik für Neurologie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany;2. Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK;3. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, CNS Research, Biberach, Germany;1. Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA;2. The Synthetic Neurobiology Group, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
The simultaneous application of innocuous cutaneous warm and cold stimuli with a thermal grill can induce both paradoxical pain and paradoxical warmth (heat). The goal of this study was to investigate further the relationships between these paradoxical sensations. Stimuli were applied to the palms of the right hands of 21 volunteers with a thermode consisting of 6 bars, the temperature of which was controlled by Peltier elements. We assessed the quality and intensity of the sensations evoked by series of stimuli consisting of progressively colder temperatures combined with a series of given warm temperatures. We applied a total of 116 series of stimuli, corresponding to 785 combinations of warm and cold temperatures. The 2 paradoxical phenomena were reported for most of the series of stimuli (n = 66). In each of these series, the 2 phenomena occurred in the same order: paradoxical warmth followed by paradoxical pain. The difference between the cold–warm temperatures eliciting paradoxical warmth was significantly smaller than that producing paradoxical pain. The intensities of the warmth and unpleasantness evoked by the stimuli were directly related to the magnitude of the warm–cold differential. Our results suggest that there is a continuum between the painful and nonpainful paradoxical sensations evoked by the thermal grill that may share pathophysiological mechanisms. These data also confirm the existence of strong relationships between the thermoreceptive and nociceptive systems and the utility of the thermal grill for investigating these relationships. |
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| Keywords: | Experimental model Healthy volunteers Psychophysics Thermal sensation Thermoreception |
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