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Phantom somatosensory evoked potentials following selective intraneural electrical stimulation in two amputees
Authors:Giuseppe Granata  Riccardo Di Iorio  Roberto Romanello  Francesco Iodice  Stanisa Raspopovic  Francesco Petrini  Ivo Strauss  Giacomo Valle  Thomas Stieglitz  Paul Čvančara  David Andreu  Jean-Louis Divoux  David Guiraud  Loic Wauters  Arthur Hiairrassary  Winnie Jensen  Silvestro Micera  Paolo Maria Rossini
Affiliation:1. Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of The Sacred Heart, Roma, Italy;2. Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland;3. The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant''Anna, Pisa, Italy;4. Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering–IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D-79110, Germany;5. INRIA Camin Team, University of Montpellier, France;6. AXONIC/Groupe MXM, France;7. Aalborg University, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Dept. Health Science and Technology, Denmark;8. Brain Connectivity Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy
Abstract:

Objective

The aim of the paper is to objectively demonstrate that amputees implanted with intraneural interfaces are truly able to feel a sensation in the phantom hand by recording “phantom” somatosensory evoked potentials from the corresponding brain areas.

Methods

We implanted four transverse intrafascicular multichannel electrodes, available with percutaneous connections to a multichannel electrical stimulator, in the median and ulnar nerves of two left trans-radial amputees. Two channels of the implants that were able to elicit sensations during intraneural nerve stimulation were chosen, in both patients, for recording somatosensory evoked potentials.

Results

We recorded reproducible evoked responses by stimulating the median and the ulnar nerves in both cases. Latencies were in accordance with the arrival of somatosensory information to the primary somatosensory cortex.

Conclusion

Our results provide evidence that sensations generated by intraneural stimulation are truly perceived by amputees and located in the phantom hand. Moreover, our results strongly suggest that sensations perceived in different parts of the phantom hand result in different evoked responses.

Significance

Somatosensory evoked potentials obtained by selective intraneural electrical stimulation in amputee patients are a useful tool to provide an objective demonstration of somatosensory feedback in new generation bidirectional prostheses.
Keywords:Phantom hand  Neural interface  Somatosensory evoked potentials  Robotic hand prosthesis  Somatosensory feedback
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