张謇与孙中山利用外资比较研究

张謇在创办实业，从政担任实业部总长、农商总长等职期间，出于维护国家主权和利权的目的，想方设法防止列强通过各种债务攫取在中国的特权。然而，迫于实业资金的捉襟见肘，张謇不断地与外人周旋以寻求外国资本的资助，实现他利用外资抵制外资的主张。孙中山也提出了利用外资、发展交通的主张，他撰写《实业计划》，主张引进国外资金、技术、设备和人才，以辅助中国实业的发展。张謇与孙中山对利用外资的认知度，以及在引进外资的原则、安全有效利用外资的保障措施上都抱有基本相同的主张，但因其性格差异与政见分歧，两者在利用外资的侧重点、引进外资的形式等方面存有一定差异。张謇与孙中山利用外资思想有其先进、科学、合理的部分，但受客观条件的制约和主观认识的影响，也存在着明显的局限性。

A Comparative Study of Zhang Jian's Use of Foreign Capital with That of Sun Yat-sen

When setting up industry and holding the post of general chief of industry and general chief of agriculture and commerce,Zhang Jian,to safeguard national sovereignty and rights,tried every possible means to prevent the foreign powers from grabbing privileges in China through various kinds of debts.Due to the shortage of fund for industry,however,Zhang had to resort to foreign capital for help to realize his idea of "making use of foreign capital to resist foreign capital".Sun Yat-sen also put forward the proposal of making use of foreign capital and developing transport.He wrote his book Plans for Industry,and proposed to develop China's economy on the basis of opening up,introducing foreign capital,and carrying out international economic cooperation.Zhang Jian and Sun Yat-sen had similar recognition of using foreign capital,and they shared similar ideas on the principles of introducing foreign capital and the guarantee measures of using foreign capital safely and effectively.But due to the differences in their specific personality and political view,they had certain differences as to how to use and introduce foreign capital.Advanced,scientific and rational elements exist in both Zhang's and Sun's ideas of using foreign capital,but,of course,obvious limitations also exist in the above-mentioned field due to the constraints of objective conditions and the influence of subjective understanding.