Coffee Intake and Risk of Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies

BackgroundIt remains unclear whether coffee intake is associated with the risk of hypertension. This study aimed to investigate the association between coffee intake and the risk of hypertension by using a meta-analysis of cohort studies.MethodsPubMed and Embase were searched using keywords in September 2022 to identify studies on coffee intake and the risk of hypertension.ResultsWe included a total of 13 longitudinal cohort studies, which involved a total of 64,650 incident cases of hypertension among 314,827 participants. In a random effects model meta-analysis of all the studies, coffee intake was not significantly associated with the risk of hypertension (relative risk [RR], 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90–1.05; I² = 58.0%; n = 13). In the subgroup meta-analysis, coffee intake was associated with a decreased risk of hypertension in studies conducted in America (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.87–0.98; I² = 4.6%; n = 5) and in low-quality studies (RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.88–0.96; I² = 0.0%; n = 7). In the remaining subgroup meta-analyses by amount of coffee intake, gender, type of coffee (decaffeinated vs. caffeinated), smoking, and years of follow-up, coffee intake was not significantly associated with the risk of hypertension.ConclusionThe current meta-analysis showed that coffee intake is not associated with the risk of hypertension.