高风险原位同种异体心脏移植术后支气管狭窄的急诊支架置入治疗：1例报告

背景：心脏移植术后支气管软化导致狭窄引起的呼吸功能障碍是一种临床急重症,严重危及移植心脏的功能,高风险多并症心脏移植并支气管支架置入术有待临床观察.目的：报告极高风险原位心脏移植术后因左主支气管软化狭窄塌陷急诊支架置入1例.设计：病例分析.单位：中南大学湘雅三医院一卫生部移植医学工程技术研究中心,厦门大学附属中山医院心脏外科.对象：选择于2005-04在厦门大学附属中山医院心脏外科施行同种异体原位心脏移植术的渐进性扩张型心肌病合并中-重度肺动脉高压患者,女,侣岁,渐进性扩张型心肌病病史15年,中-重度肺动脉高压：肺动脉平均压50～51 mm Hg,同时伴有左主支气管软化塌陷狭窄、混合性（中枢性为主）呼吸睡眠暂停综合征、左下肺不张、右侧肺气肿、类风湿性关节炎等合并症半年.方法：患者心脏移植术后,支气管炎症充血水肿加重了气管软化塌陷狭窄程度,管腔狭窄至4/5,导致阻塞性通气障碍,并发室上性心动过速、室性早搏,移植心脏舒张功能减退（E峰＜A峰、移植心脏射血分数降低至EF40%、室壁运动不协调）.予以强心治疗、呼吸机辅助通气,但患者左主支气管狭窄未解除,病情持续恶化.为促使移植心脏功能恢复,解除支气管软化塌陷所致狭窄,纠正阻塞性通气障碍,于心脏移植术后第6天行紧急支气管支架置入治疗.①患者取平卧位清醒状态,在心电监护及经皮血氧饱和度监测下,通过D20光导纤维支气管镜,使用记忆合金网状支架（直径12 mm长20 mm）解除左主支气管狭窄.常规纤维支气管镜检查,观察支气管狭窄近端,并在电视透视下放置近端定位标志,经狭窄孔探测远端通畅程度,并放置远端定位标志,通过纤维支气管镜工作道内插入引导钢丝,钢丝越过狭窄部位,将镍钛支架装入专用置入器内,顺导丝引入支气管支架植入器,到位良好后,缓慢释放支架并作适当调整,待完全释放后退出支架植入器,术后再作纤支镜检查,观察支架贴壁情况;立即摄片,观察其展开的情况.术后予以呼吸机同步间歇指令通气支持治疗.主要观察指标：患者心、肺功能的改善情况.结果：①术后患者二氧化碳潴留、高碳酸血症较前明显改善,肺动脉高压症逐渐缓解,肺动脉平均压降至30 mm Hg.1周后复查纤维支气管镜检查左上叶、舌叶及左下叶各级支气管清晰可见,粘膜稍充血水肿,管腔通畅.室上性心动过速、室性早搏消失,移植心脏功能恢复良好（E峰＞A峰、EF70%、FS41%）,心率波动于100～110次/min.②术后肺部胸片和CT观察左主支气管狭窄解除.患者通气功能改善,逐步降低呼吸机参数,撤除呼吸机予低流量吸氧治疗,未再出现阻塞性通气障碍表现,患者睡眠呼吸暂停综合症得以纠正.结论：原位心脏移植术后支气管软化塌陷狭窄的急诊支架置入治疗可改善支气管软化狭窄所致通气功能障碍,提高心脏移植成活率.

Emergency treatment of endobronchial stent placement for serious main bronchial stenosis following high-risk orthotopic heart allotransplantation: One case report

BACKGROUND: Ventilation dysfunction caused by bronchomalacia induced bronchostenosis following high-risk heart transplantation is an acute clinical disease, which seriously impairs the function of transplant heart. The case of emergency bronchial stent placement following heart transplantation with high-risk multi-complication has not been reported yet.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the curative effect of emergency stent placement for worse left main bronchial malacia, stenosis and collapse following orthotopic heart allotransplantation.DESIGN: A case analysis.SETTINGS: National Ministry of Health Transplantation Engineering and Technical Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Department of Cardiosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University.PARTICIPANTS: An 18-year-old female patient with dilated cardiomyopathy accompanied by moderate to severe pulmonary artery hypertension, who sequentially carried out orthotopic heart allotransplantation, was selected from the Department of Cardiosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University in April, 2004. She had suffered from dilated cardiomyopathy for 15 years, and the mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) was 50-51 mm Hg, she was also accompanied by left main bronchial malacia, stenosis and collapse, mixed (mainly central-) sleep apnea syndrome, left inferior pulmonary sequestration, right emphysema, and rheumatoid arthritis for half a year.METHODS: After heart transplantation, bronchus inflammation, congested edema aggravated the severity of bronchial malacia, stenosis and collapse, tenosis reduced to 4/5, and led to obstructive type of ventilation, and the patient was also accompanied by supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular extrasystole, and hypofunction of transplant cardiac systolic function (peak E＜peak A, ejection fraction reduced to 40%, inharmonious motion of ventricular wall). Attempted with inotropic agents and ventilator/support were not relieved, which resulted in the aggravation of illness. In order to improve the post-transplant cardiac function, to relieve bronchial collapse and stenosis, and correct the obstructive type of ventilation, an emergency bronchial stent placement surgery was carried out on the sixth day after heart transplantation. Under monitoring of electrocardiogram (EGG) and percutaneaous oxygen saturation (SpO2), patient was awake and in supine to relieve left main bronchial stenosis with a nickel-titanium shape memory alloy stent (Diameter: 12 mm; length: 20 mm) by D20 fiberoptic bronchoscope. Fibrobronchoscopy was used to observe the proximal end of bronchostenosis and set the proximate location mark by using video fluoroscopy; the patency of distal end was explored by stricture, and set the distal location mark; guidewire was inserted into working path of bronchofibroscope and led through the stricture; then loaded the Ni-Ti stent on a special placement apparatus, and led in bronchial stent implantation apparatus along guidewire. When targeting well, the stent was slowly released and adjusted properly. When it was completely released, the stent implantation apparatus was drawn out. Bronchofibroscope was performed postoperatively to observe the adherence of stent; immediately photographed to observe its unfolding. Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) was given postoperatively as supportive treatment.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ameliorations of the cardiac and pulmonary functions of the patient.RESULTS: ①Carbon dioxide retention and hypercapnia were remarkably improved as compared with those preoperatively; hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease was alleviated gradually, and MPAP reduced to 30 mm Hg. One week later, re-examination of bronchofibroscopy was carried out, and the results showed that bronchi of left upper lobe, lingual lobe as well as left lower lobe could be seen distinctly, mucous membrane had slightly congested edema, and lumens were unobstructed.②Supraventricular tachycardia and premature ventricualr contraction disappeared, and the transplant cardiac function recovered well (peak E ＞ peak A, ejection fraction 70%, FS41%), and the heart rate fluctuated at 100-110 beats per minute. ③The chest-radiography and CT postoperatively indicated the relief of left main bronchial stenosis. When the ventilation function of the patient was improved, the parameters of breathing machine were reduced gradually, and replaced by low-flow oxygen. There was no recurrence of obstructive ventilatory disorder. The sleep apnea syndrome of the patient was moderated.CONCLUSION: Emergency treatment with stent placement for bronchial malacia, stenosis and collapse occurring after orthotopic heart allotransplantation cAN improve ventilation dysfunction caused by bronchial malacia and stenosis,and increase the survival rate of heart transplantation.