核辐射对人体的生物学危害及医学防护基本原则

核辐射是指在原子的核反应过程中如裂变、衰变释放出的不同能量粒子和电磁辐射,其作用于物质可引起电离和激发,由此产生生物学效应,因此属于电离辐射。最主要的核辐射有α粒子、β粒子、γ射线和中子等。本文就核辐射的主要物理和生物物理特征、对人体的主要危害以及防护原则逐一讨论。核辐射对生物体危害的严重程度或危险概率,与辐射的品质、辐射剂量率和生物体吸收剂量密切相关。

The Detriment of Nuclear Radiation on Human and the Protection Principal

Nuclear radiation is ionizing radiation, in terms of particulates and electromagnetic radiation emitted from atomic nuclei in various nuclear processes, e.g., nuclear fission, radioactive decay. Hit of nuclear radiation on matter results in the excitation and ionizing events. The major types of nuclear radiation include: α particle, β particle, γ-rays and neutrons. The major characteristics of physics and biophysics of nuclear radiation, detriment on human, and the protection principal were discussed. The severity and /or risk frequency of nuclear radiation detriment on living organisms are closely associated with radiation quality, absorbed dose and dose-rate.