Clostridium difficile infection

Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic species consisting of bacilli with large, oval, subterminal spores, normally found in intestines. It uses two toxins, which produce cytopathic changes in the intestinal mucosae, causing diarrhea. Patients can present a spectrum of disease that varies from uncomplicated antibiotic-associated diarrhea to life threatening antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. C. difficile is the only species. There are no defined sterotypes. Toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains exist. The former produce varying amounts of toxin A (enterotoxin) and toxin B (Cytotoxin). Broad spectrum antiboiotic therapy eliminates much competing normal flora, permitting intestinal overgrowth of toxigenic C. difficile. There are no defined host defenses. Metronidazole and vancomycin should be used therapeutically, however, relapses can occur. Supportive therepy may be needed.