Increased Nectin-4 levels in chronic ketamine abusers and the relationship with lower urinary tract symptoms |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Addiction Sciences, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan;2. Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan;3. Department of Urology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung City, Taiwan;4. Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan;5. School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan;6. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan;7. Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan;1. Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan;2. Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan;1. Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal;2. Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122, San Piero a Grado, PI, Italy;3. Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology of Leghorn “G. Bacci”, 57128, Livorno, Italy;4. Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, S. Agata-Messina, Italy;1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, IA, USA;2. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA;1. Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214000, China;2. Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China;3. Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214000, China;4. Departments of Orthopaedis, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 2015004, Suzhou, China;5. The Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Jiangsu, 214000, China;1. Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas.Constantinou Av, GR-11635, Athens, Greece;2. Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, GR-26500, Patras, Greece;3. Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, GR-30100, Agrinio, Greece;1. Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Cardiology Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India;2. Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thycaud, Poojapura, P.O, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India;3. Madurai Medical College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India;4. School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India |
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| Abstract: | Persistent ketamine use causes susceptibility to addiction and bladder toxicity. We examined the association of lower urinary tract symptoms and levels of Nectin-4, a member of the cell adhesion molecules that is essential for maintaining the urothelium barrier in chronic ketamine abusers. We measured the plasma levels of Nectin-4 in 88 patients with ketamine dependence and 69 controls. Patients with ketamine dependence were assessed for ketamine use variables, psychological symptoms, and lower urinary tract symptoms. We found Nectin-4 levels were increased in ketamine-dependent patients compared to the controls (p < 0.0001). Patients with urinary tract symptoms exhibited lower Nectin-4 levels than those without (p = 0.021). Our results suggest an up-regulation of Nectin-4 following chronic and heavy ketamine use. Patients with ketamine dependence with a compromised upregulation of Nectin-4 are likely to have more severe urinary tract symptoms. The mechanisms underlying the involvement of Nectin-4 in ketamine addiction and bladder toxicity warrant future investigation. |
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| Keywords: | Nectin-4 Ketamine abuse Lower urinary tract symptoms Bladder toxicity Addiction |
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