股前外侧游离穿支皮瓣移植修复头面四肢肿瘤切除术后的软组织缺损

背景:传统股前外侧皮瓣移植的临床应用已非常广泛,新一代带穿支游离皮瓣移植在国内尚处于初始阶段。目的:观察头面部和四肢肿瘤切除术后应用股前外侧穿支皮瓣移植修复方法及其修复效果。设计:病例分析。单位:南华大学第一附属医院。对象:选择2004-04/2006-04在南华大学第一附属医院烧伤整形外科及多伦多大学多伦多总医院整形外科收治的16例需要皮瓣移植的患者,所有患者软组织缺损不能直接缝合导致肌腱、血管、神经、骨质外露。男13例,女3例,年龄26～72岁。因头面肿瘤切除后造成软组织缺损、骨质外露修复9例,平均50岁;因四肢肿瘤切除术后造成软组织缺损、骨质外露修复7例,平均为39岁,所有患者均对手术项目知情同意。方法:患者均采取全身麻醉,气管插管。医生分两组同时或先后进行手术。肿瘤切除由头颈外科或骨外科医生承担,肿瘤切除后由整形外科医生承担修复任务,整形外科医生先确定受区血管床,并游离,准备好受区血管。其中有2例游离出神经断端做神经修复。根据创口情形切取穿支皮瓣:于髂前上棘及髌骨前外上缘连线作为皮瓣的纵轴线,确定中点,并在中点区域设计所需要的皮瓣。皮瓣最大面积达28cm×15cm,在皮瓣范围内用超声多普勒仪确定主要穿支浅出点(即超声回音最强点)一二个。沿设计线切开皮肤皮下,在放大镜下逐步切开分离皮下组织与深筋膜。遇到主要穿支后,确保一二支主要穿支不受损伤;并沿着穿支血管追踪分离深筋膜、肌肉或肌间隔,及至所需要的血管蒂的长度和所需要的血管管径的大小。必要时保留股前外侧皮神经,本组修复皮神经两例。供瓣区创面直接闭合,放负压引流。在显微镜下用9-0尼龙线吻合血管,用10-0尼龙线吻合神经,间断缝合皮瓣与受区创缘,同时放负压引流于瓣下。头部创口缝线术后9～11d拆除,四肢创口的缝线术后12～15d拆除,供瓣区缝线术后15d以后拆除,引流管在术后3d拔除。观察所有患者术后愈合情况(Ⅰ期愈合:术后伤口按期愈合;Ⅱ期愈合:术后伤口未按期愈合),同时观察皮瓣是否坏死、伤口是否裂开等。主要观察指标:所有患者皮瓣移植后成活情况、皮瓣供区和受区的外形及功能。结果:纳入需要皮瓣移植的患者16例均进入结果分析。15例患者移植皮瓣全部成活,1例皮瓣大部分成活,皮瓣远端小部分坏死。伤口Ⅰ期愈合14例,Ⅱ期愈合2例(1例皮瓣远端约2.5cm宽的皮瓣缺血坏死,清除坏死组织后直接缝合愈合,另1例面部上端与皮远瓣区伤口有约3cm长裂开,经换药、再缝合处理后愈合)。所有患者伤口愈合后外形满意,均未见明显疤痕,下肢负重、行走不受影响。结论:股前外侧穿支皮瓣游离移植,对供区损伤小,对受区修复效果好,是一种较理想的修复头面和四肢肿瘤清除术后软组织缺损的方法。

Anterolateral thigh perforator free flaps transplantation for repair of head and extremeties soft tissue defects after tumor resection

BACKGROUND: Traditional anterolateral thigh flaps transplantation has been widely used in clinics; however, a new generation of perforator free flap transplantation is still in an initial phase at home.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the method, effectiveness and clinical application of anterolateral thigh perforator free flaps transplantation for reconstruction of soft tissue defects of the head and extremeties after tumor resection.DESIGN: Case analysis.SETTING: First Affiliated Hospital of Nanhua University.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 16 patients needing skin flap transplantation were selected from Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanhua University and Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Toronto, Toronto University from April 2004 to April of 2006. Soft tissues of all patients could not be directly sutured so as to cause the exposure of tendon, vessel, nerve and sclerotin. There were 13 males and 3 females aged from 26 to 72 years. The anterolateral thigh perforator free flap for reconstruction of the soft tissue defects and/or bone exposure occurred on the head (nine cases, mean age of 50 years) or extremities (seven cases, mean age of 39 years) following tumor resection. All patients provided the informed consent.METHODS: After general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation, a two-team approach was used for resection of the tumor, and harvest of the free flap simultaneously or successively. The tumor was removed by head and neck surgeon or orthopedic surgery. And the plastic surgeons assumed the responsibility for reconstruction of the defects following the tumor resection. The dissection of recipient blood vessels (e.g., superior thyroid artery, facial artery, a branch of internal jugular vein, or external jugular vein, artery and vein of dorsal of foot, anterior tibial artery or vein) was performed. In addition, the ends of sural nerve at recipient sites that need be repaired with the anterolateral thigh cutaneous nerve were utilized in two cases with soft tissue defect on the lateral malleolus. The dimensions of the anterolateral thigh perforator flaps were determined on the basis of the defect size. The perforator flap design: A line was drawn between anterosuperior iliac spine and lateral-superior patella for the longitudinal axis of the flap. The required perforator was sought at the middle point of the longitudinal axis in the anterolateral thigh. In general, there would be one to two major perforating branches were confirmed with an ultrasound Doppler monitoring device in the flap. In this article, the biggest anterolateral thigh perforator flap measured 28 cm×15 cm with two major perforating branches. Incision of the skin and subcutaneous tissue was carried out along the periphery of the flap, and dividing and separating subcutaneous tissue layer from deep fascia layer was performed under surgical loupe magnification little by little carefully and slowly to ensure preserving one to two major perforating branches. Retrograde dissection of the deep fascia and/or muscles and/or intermuscular tissue tracing the major perforating branches until the pedicle blood vessels length and diameter were enough for anastomosis with the blood vessels in the recipient sites. If an innervated flap is required, the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh can be harvested with the flap. In this article, two cases used flap innervation. The incision could be primary sutured usually and a suction drain should be put at donor sites. The anastomosis of the blood vessels or nerves with 9-0 or 10-0 nylon sutures was performed under the microscope. Interrupted sutures of the edges between the flap and defect region were made; and a suction drain should be put under the flaps. The sutures on the head would be removed at 9-11 days (but 12-15 days, on the extremities) days after operation. The drainage tube would be pulled out generally at 3 days after operation. Recovery condition was observed after operation. Healing phase was classified into phase Ⅰ(healing on time after operation) and phase Ⅱ (non-healing on time after operation). Meanwhile, whether skin flap was necrosis and wound was broken were observed at the same time.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival state of patients after skin flap transplantation; shape and function of donor site and recipient site of skin flap.RESULTS: All 16 patients who needed skin flap transplantation were involved in the final analysis. Of the sixteen cases in this group, fifteen perforator flaps survived completely; one flap underwent partial failure. Primary wound healing was achieved (stage I) in all the donor sites, in14 recipient sites and delayed in two (stage Ⅱ). In one case a small portion (about 2.5 cm) necrosed at the distal end of the flap. After removing the necrotic tissue, the wound healed. In another case with a 3 cm long wound dehiscence in the face, the wound healed through dressing change and resuture. After wound healing, there was no significant scaring, and no effect on the lower limb weight bearing and walking. But, there was a sensory loss on a small piece of skin below the donor site, due to destruction of the anterolateral thigh cutaneous nerve on that area.CONCLUSION: Because of less dornor site morbidity, superior result at the reconstructed sites, use of anterolateral thigh perforator flap free grafting is a very acceptable technique for reconstruction of soft tissue defects on head and extremeties after tumor resection.