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Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the Japanese general population |
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| Authors: | Enyu Imai Masaru Horio Tsuyoshi Watanabe Kunitoshi Iseki Kunihiro Yamagata Shigeko Hara Nobuyuki Ura Yutaka Kiyohara Toshiki Moriyama Yasuhiro Ando Shoichi Fujimoto Tsuneo Konta Hitoshi Yokoyama Hirofumi Makino Akira Hishida Seiichi Matsuo |
| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan 2. Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan 3. Third Department of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan 4. Dialysis Unit, University Hospital of The Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan 5. Department of Nephrology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 6. Health Medical Center, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan 7. Department of General Medicine, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan 8. Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan 9. Healthcare Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan 10. Department of Nephrology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan 11. First Department of Medicine, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki, Japan 12. First Department of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan 13. Division of Nephrology, Kanazwa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan 14. Department of Nephrology, Diabetes and Rheumatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan 15. First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan 16. Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan |
| Abstract: | BackgroundWe previously estimated the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3–5 at 19.1 million based on data from the Japanese annual health check program for 2000–2004 using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation multiplied by the coefficient 0.881 for the Japanese population. However, this equation underestimates the GFR, particularly for glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) of over 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. We did not classify the participants as CKD stages 1 and 2 because we did not obtain proteinuria data for all of the participants. We re-estimated the prevalence of CKD by measuring proteinuria using a dipstick test and by calculating the GFR using a new equation that estimates GFR based on data from the Japanese annual health check program in 2005.MethodsData were obtained for 574,024 (male 240,594, female 333,430) participants over 20 years old taken from the general adult population, who were from 11 different prefectures in Japan (Hokkaido, Yamagata, Fukushima, Tochigi, Ibaraki, Tokyo, Kanazawa, Osaka, Fukuoka, Miyazaki and Okinawa) and took part in the annual health check program in 2005. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of each participant was computed from the serum creatinine value using a new equation: GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) = 194 × Age?0.287 × S-Cr?1.094 (if female × 0.739). The CKD population nationwide was calculated using census data from 2005. We also recalculated the prevalence of CKD in Japan assuming that the age composition of the population was same as that in the USA.ResultsThe prevalence of CKD stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 + 5 were 0.6, 1.7, 10.4 and 0.2% in the study population, which resulted in predictions of 0.6, 1.7, 10.7 and 0.2 million patients, respectively, nationwide. The prevalence of low GFR was significantly higher in the hypertensive and proteinuric populations than it was in the populations without proteinuria or hypertension. The prevalence rate of CKD in Japan was similar to that in the USA when the Japanese general population was age adjusted to the US 2005 population estimate.ConclusionAbout 13% of the Japanese adult population—approximately 13.3 million people—were predicted to have CKD in 2005. |
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