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Preterm birth and later insulin resistance: effects of birth weight and postnatal growth in a population based longitudinal study from birth into adult life
Authors:M. J. J. Finken  M. G. Keijzer-Veen  F. W. Dekker  M. Frölich  E. T. M. Hille  J. A. Romijn  J. M. Wit
Affiliation:(1) Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;(2) Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;(3) Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;(4) Department of Clinical Chemistry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;(5) TNO Quality of Life, Leiden, The Netherlands;(6) Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Abstract:
Aims/hypothesis An increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with low birthweight after full-term gestation, including amplification of this risk by weight gain during infancy and adult body composition. Premature birth is also associated with insulin resistance, but studies conducted so far have not provided follow-up into adulthood. We studied the effects of (1) lower birthweight (as standard deviation score [SDS]) and infancy weight gain on insulin resistance in 19-year-olds born before 32 weeks of gestation, and (2) the interaction between lower birthweight SDS and infancy weight gain, as well as between lower birthweight and adult body composition, on insulin resistance. Methods This was a prospective follow-up study in 346 subjects from the Project on Preterm and Small-for-gestational-age infants cohort, in whom fasting glucose, insulin and C-peptide levels were measured at 19 years. Insulin resistance was calculated with homeostatic modelling (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance index [HOMA-IR]). Results Birthweight SDS was unrelated to the outcomes. Rapid infancy weight gain until 3 months post-term was weakly associated with higher insulin level (p=0.05). Adult fatness was positively associated with insulin and C-peptide levels and HOMA-IR (all p<0.001). On these parameters, there was a statistical interaction between birthweight SDS and adult fat mass (p=0.002 to 0.03). Conclusions/interpretation In subjects born very preterm, rapid infancy weight gain until 3 months predicted higher insulin levels at 19 years, but the association was weak. Adult obesity strongly predicted higher insulin and C-peptide levels as well as HOMA-IR. The effect of adult fat mass on these parameters was dependent on its interaction with birthweight SDS. For a list of participants in the Dutch POPS-19 Collaborative Study Group, see Appendix
Keywords:Birthweight  Follow-up studies  Insulin resistance  Premature birth
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