K63-linked polyubiquitination of IRF1： an essential step in the IL-1 signaling cascade

Interleukin 1 （IL-1） is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates immune and inflammatory responses by inducing the expression of a variety of pro-inflamma- tory cytokines and chemokines. IL-1 exerts its pro-inflammatory effects primarily by activating nuclear factor KB （NF-rB） and mitogen-activated protein kinases （MAPKs）. After binding to its receptor