高性能战斗机飞行员膳食与营养状况调查

目的 了解高性能战斗机飞行员膳食及营养状况，为指导其营养健康管理提供依据。方法 采用称量法，对159名高性能战斗机飞行员进行膳食调查；按照军标进行人体学测量，并采用酶法检测血生化指标进行营养评估。结果 高性能战斗机飞行员平均能量摄入量为2 932.5 kcal/d，蛋白质摄入量102.7 g/d；钠、铁、钾摄入量分别为推荐摄入量的2.62、1.59和1.21倍，钙摄入量达到标准的72.0%；维生素A、B1、B2分别达到摄入量低限的54.2%、65.0%、和65.0%。蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物供能分别为410.8、1 296.9、1 224.8 kcal，占能量来源的14.0%、44.2%、41.8%；飞行员早餐供能占比为24.3%，晚餐供能占比38.1%。体重超标者为54.7%，体脂肪超标者30.8%，内脏脂肪率超标者17.0%，腰围超标者44.8%，高甘油三酯血症患病率25.8%，高胆固醇血症患病率10.1%，高尿酸血症患病率17.6%，高血糖患病率为0.6%。结论 高性能战斗机飞行员膳食结构不够合理，呈“高脂肪、高钠、低碳水化合物”模式，部分营养素摄入偏高或不足，超重/肥胖、高尿酸血症、血脂异常占比较高。建议进行膳食营养干预，以促进身体健康。

Investigation and analysis of dietary and nutritional status among the high-performance fighter pilots

Objective To investigate the dietary and nutritional status of the high-performance fighter pilots and provide guidance for health management. Methods 159 high-performance fighter pilots were studied in this study. Dietary survey was carried out by weighing method. Body measurements were carried according to military criteria. Double agent enzymic method was used to detect the biochemical indicators. Results The average energy intake of the high-performance fighter pilots was 2932.5 kcal/d. The intake of protein was 102.7 g/d. The ratios of sodium, iron and potassium intakes were 2.62, 1.59 and 1.21 times as much as the recommended intakes respectively. Calcium intake reached 72.0% of the criteria. The intakes of vitamin A, B1, B2, reached 54.2%, 65.0% and 65.0% of the low limit of recommended intakes respectively. Energy from protein, fat and carbohydrate was 410.8 kcal, 1296.9 kcal and 1224.8 kcal, accounting for 14.0%, 44.2% and 41.8% of the total energy sources. Energy from breakfast was 24.3%, while supper was 38.1%. Overweight ratio reached 54.7%, average body fat percentage exceeded 30.8%, visceral fat rate exceeded 17.6% and waist exceeded 44.8%. The morbidity rates of hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperuricemia and hyperglycemia were 25.8%, 10.1%, 17.6% and 0.6%, respectively. Conclusion Dietary pattern of the high-performance fighter pilots is not reasonable, which is showed as "high fat, high sodium and low carbohydrate". Some nutrients are not taken enough while some nutrients intake is too high. The morbidity rates of overweight and obesity, hyperuricemia and dyslipdemia are high. Dietary nutrition intervention should be carried out for promoting health.