Anatomy of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands |
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| Authors: | Judith E. RitchieSaba Balasubramanian |
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| Affiliation: | Judith E Ritchie BMedSci(Hons) MBChB MRCSEd is an Academic Foundation Officer at Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared Saba Balasubramanian MS FRCS(Gen Surg) PhD is a Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant Surgeon at the University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared |
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| Abstract: | The anatomy of four major endocrine glands (thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary and adrenal) is the subject of this chapter. Other endocrine glands (such as the hypothalamus, pineal gland, thymus, endocrine pancreas and the gonads) exist, but are beyond the scope of this chapter. A detailed understanding of anatomy is essential for several reasons: to enable accurate diagnosis and plan appropriate management; to perform surgery in a safe and effective manner avoiding damage to adjacent normal structures and; to anticipate and recognize variations in normal anatomy. In addition to gross anatomy, clinically relevant embryological and histological details of these four glands are also discussed. |
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| Keywords: | Adrenal anatomy endocrine parathyroid pituitary thyroid |
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