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Innate lymphoid cells: The missing part of a puzzle in food allergy |
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| Authors: | Umit M. Sahiner Janice A. Layhadi Korneliusz Golebski Zsolt István Komlósi Yaqi Peng Bulent Sekerel Stephen R. Durham Helen Brough Hideaki Morita Mübeccel Akdis Paul Turner Kari Nadeau Hergen Spits Cezmi Akdis Mohamed H. Shamji |
| Affiliation: | 1. Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, Repair and Development, Imperial College London, London, UK;2. Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;3. Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Davos, Switzerland;4. School of Medicine Department of Pediatric Allergy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey;5. Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London, Guys and St Thomas, NHS Trust, London, UK;6. Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan;7. Section of Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK;8. Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy & Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA;9. Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands |
| Abstract: | Food allergy is an increasingly prevalent disease driven by uncontrolled type 2 immune response. Currently, knowledge about the underlying mechanisms that initiate and promote the immune response to dietary allergens is limited. Patients with food allergy are commonly sensitized through the skin in their early life, later on developing allergy symptoms within the gastrointestinal tract. Food allergy results from a dysregulated type 2 response to food allergens, characterized by enhanced levels of IgE, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 with infiltration of mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils. Recent studies raised a possible role for the involvement of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in driving food allergy. Unlike lymphocytes, ILCs lack They represent a group of lymphocytes that lack specific antigen receptors. ILCs contribute to immune responses not only by releasing cytokines and other mediators but also by responding to cytokines produced by activated cells in their local microenvironment. Due to their localization at barrier surfaces of the airways, gut, and skin, ILCs form a link between the innate and adaptive immunity. This review summarizes recent evidence on how skin and gastrointestinal mucosal immune system contribute to both homeostasis and the development of food allergy, as well as the involvement of ILCs toward inflammatory processes and regulatory mechanisms. |
| Keywords: | food allergy immune tolerance innate immunity innate lymphoid cell skin |