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Continuity and Change in Preschool ADHD Symptoms: Longitudinal Genetic Analysis with Contrast Effects |
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| Authors: | |
| Institution: | (1) Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK;(2) Social, Developmental an Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK;(3) Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA;(4) Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt, Drive, OX3 7BN, UK |
| Abstract: | The genetic and environmental mediation of continuity and change in parent-reported ADHD symptoms were investigated in a cohort of over 6000 twin pairs at 2, 3 and 4 years of age. Genetic analyses of the cross-sectional data yielded heritability estimates of 0.78–0.81 at each age, with contrast effects. A common pathway model provided the best fit to the longitudinal data, indicating that genetic influences underlie 91% of the stable variance in ADHD symptomatology. In other words, what is stable for ADHD symptoms is largely genetic. Contrast effects acting in the same direction at different ages contributed to the observed continuity:longitudinal correlations were greater for dizygotic than monozygotic twins.The Twins Early Development Study is funded by the Medical Research Council. |
| Keywords: | ADHD Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Child behavior disorders Genetics Twins |
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