WR1065 mitigates AZT‐ddI‐induced mutagenesis and inhibits viral replication |
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Authors: | Dale M. Walker Adriana E. Kajon Salina M. Torres Meghan M. Carter Consuelo L. McCash James A. Swenberg Patricia B. Upton Andrew W. Hardy Ofelia A. Olivero Gene M. Shearer Miriam C. Poirier Vernon E. Walker |
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Affiliation: | 1. BioMosaics, Inc., Burlington, Vermont;2. Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico;3. Dale M. Walker and Adriana E. Kajon contributed equally to this work.;4. College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico;5. Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;6. AMRV, CCR, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland;7. CDI Section, LCBG, CCR, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland |
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Abstract: | The success of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in treating HIV‐1 infection and reducing mother‐to‐child transmission of the virus during pregnancy is accompanied by evidence that NRTIs cause long‐term health risks for cancer and mitochondrial disease. Thus, agents that mitigate toxicities of the current combination drug therapies are needed. Previous work had shown that the NRTI‐drug pair zidovudine (AZT)–didanosine (ddI) was highly cytotoxic and mutagenic; thus, we conducted preliminary studies to investigate the ability of the active moiety of amifostine, WR1065, to protect against the deleterious effects of this NRTI‐drug pair. In TK6 cells exposed to 100 μM AZT‐ddI (equimolar) for 3 days with or without 150 μM WR1065, WR1065 enhanced long‐term cell survival and significantly reduced AZT‐ddI‐induced mutations. Follow‐up studies were conducted to determine if coexposure to AZT and WR1065 abrogated the antiretroviral efficacy of AZT. In human T‐cell blasts infected with HIV‐1 in culture, inhibition of p24 protein production was observed in cells treated with 10 μM AZT in the absence or presence of 5–1,000 μM WR1065. Surprisingly, WR1065 alone exhibited dose‐related inhibition of HIV‐1 p24 protein production. WR1065 also had antiviral efficacy against three species of adenovirus and influenza A and B. Intracellular levels of unbound WR1065 were measured following in vitro/in vivo drug exposure. These pilot study results indicate that WR1065, at low intracellular levels, has cytoprotective and antimutagenic activities against the most mutagenic pair of NRTIs and has broad spectrum antiviral effects. These findings suggest that the activities have a possible common mode of action that merits further investigation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. |
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Keywords: | antimutagenesis antiviral amifostine WR1065 cytoprotection |
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