Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Bile Duct Invasion

To clarify the characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with bile duct invasion, we retrospectively analyzed clinical features and surgical outcome of HCC with bile duct invasion (b⁺ group, n = 15) compared to those without bile duct invasion (b⁻ group, n = 256). In the b⁺ group, four patients (27%) showed obstructive jaundice, and a diagnosis of bile duct invasion was obtained preoperatively in seven patients (47%). The levels of serum bilirubin and carbohydrate antigen 19–9 were significantly higher in the b⁺ group. Macroscopically, confluent multinodular type and infiltrative type were predominant in the b⁺ group (P = 0.002). Microscopically, capsule infiltration (P = 0.040) and intrahepatic metastasis (P = 0.013) were predominant in the b⁺ group. Portal vein invasion was associated significantly with the b⁺ group (P = 0.004); however, the frequency of hepatic vein invasion was similar (P = 0.096). The median survival after resection was significantly shorter in the b⁺ group than in the b⁻ group (11.4 vs. 56.1 months, P = 0.002), and eight of 11 intrahepatic recurrences in the b⁺ group occurred within 3 months after surgery. HCC with bile duct invasion has an infiltrative nature and a high risk of intrahepatic recurrence, resulting in poor prognosis.