国际健康影响评价的制度建设：从政策到法律

健康影响评价来源于环境影响评价,“健康的公共政策”运动促进其进一步发展。世界各国的健康影响评价工作主要由公共卫生部门、非政府组织或者国际组织主导,应用于政策、规划和项目三个层面,以系统地评价其带来的潜在健康风险。健康影响评价广泛涉及环境、产业、社会以及城市化等多种领域,是一种多学科、跨部门的影响评价工具。健康影响评价按时间顺序分为前瞻性健康影响评价、回顾性健康影响评价和和即时性健康影响评价。从国际经验来看,健康影响评价立法大致分为三类：一是国家宪法先行,如泰国。二是地方立法先行,如加拿大和澳大利亚。三是环境影响评价立法中包含健康影响评价的条款,这是美国等世界大部分国家通行的一种健康影响评价立法方式。建议我国健康影响评价立法,可以针对国家可持续发展议程创新示范区、高风险行业如火电等行业、重大影响的项目、规划或者政策开展。

System construction of international health impact assessment: From policy to legal status

The HIA derives from environmental impact assessment and "healthy public policy" promotes its further development. In different countries, the HIA was conducted mainly by public health sector, NGOs, and international organizations to analyze the potential effects of a policy, project or plan on the health of people. Being a multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral method and tool, the HIA has been applied to different fields involving environment, industry, society and urbanization. It is classified as prospective, retrospective and concurrent impact assessment. Based on the international experience, the legal status of HIA could be categorized into three types:(1) A constitution clarifies the nature and purpose of HIA, example of Thailand; (2) The regional legislation specifies the legal status of HIA, experience from Canada and Australia; (3) The environmental impact assessment legislation includes HIA, which is the most popular type worldwide, and the United States gives a good example for the consideration of experience. It is suggested that the legislation of HIA in China could be conducted on major impact projects, policies or plans as designed in the innovation demonstration zone of 2030 national sustainable development agenda, related to high-risk industry such as heat and power.