Thymoquinone (2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-1, 4-benzoquinone) as a chemopreventive/anticancer agent: Chemistry and biological effects |
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Authors: | Anas Ahmad Rakesh Kumar Mishra Akshay Vyawahare Ajay Kumar Muneeb U Rehman Wajhul Qamar Abdul Quaiyoom Khan Rehan Khan |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India;2. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;3. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;4. Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar |
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Abstract: | Cancer remains the topmost disorder of the mankind and number of cases is unceasingly growing at unprecedented rates. Although the synthetic anti-cancer compounds still hold the largest market in the modern treatment of cancer, natural agents have always been tried and tested for potential anti-cancer properties. Thymoquinone (TQ), a monoterpene and main ingredient in the essential oil of Nigella sativa L. has got very eminent rankings in the traditional systems of medicine for its anti-cancer pharmacological properties. In this review we summarized the diverse aspects of TQ including its chemistry, biosynthesis, sources and pharmacological properties with a major concern being attributed to its anti-cancer efficacies. The role of TQ in different aspects involved in the pathogenesis of cancer like inflammation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, proliferation, invasion and migration have been described. The mechanism of action of TQ in different cancer types has been briefly accounted. Other safety and toxicological aspects and some combination therapies involving TQ have also been touched. A detailed literature search was carried out using various online search engines like google scholar and pubmed regarding the available research and review accounts on thymoquinone upto may 2019. All the articles reporting significant addition to the activities of thymoquinone were selected. Additional information was acquired from ethno botanical literature focusing on thymoquinone. The compound has been the centre of attention for a long time period and researched regularly in quite considerable numbers for its various physicochemical, medicinal, biological and pharmacological perspectives. Thymoquinone is studied for various chemical and pharmacological activities and demonstrated promising anti-cancer potential. The reviewed reports confirmed the strong anti-cancer efficacy of thymoquinone. Further in-vitro and in-vivo research is strongly warranted regarding the complete exploration of thymoquinone in ethnopharmacological context. |
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Keywords: | Corresponding author Thymoquinone Phytopharmaceuticals Natural compounds Anti-cancer therapeutics Plant products TQ thymoquinone WHO world health organization THQ thymohydroquinone USD United States Dollar ROS reactive oxygen species RNS reactive nitrogen species PXRD powder x-ray diffraction FTIR fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy IUPAC international union of pure and applied chemistry NMR nuclear magnetic resonance SLNs solid lipid nanoparticles NLCs nanostructured lipid carriers NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs LPS lipopolysaccharide FGFs fibroblast growth factors TNFα tumor necrosis factor alpha VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor CDKs cyclin-dependent kinases TNBC triple negative breast cancer eEF-2K elongation factor 2 kinase EMT epithelial to mesenchymal transition TMZ temozolomide LKB1 liver kinase B1 AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase MC-A myrtucommulone-A RES resveratrol CDDP cisplatin SCLC small cell lung carcinoma OEC oral epithelial cells APC adenomatous polyposis coli XIAP X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein GBM glioblastoma multiforme HPDE human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells UMSCC university of Michigan squamous cell carcinoma PCNA proliferating cell nuclear antigen |
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