Oxathiolene oxides: a novel family of compounds that induce ferritin,glutathione S-transferase,and other proteins of the phase II response |
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Authors: | Pietsch E Christine Hurley Allison L Scott Elizabeth E Duckworth Benjamin P Welker Mark E Leone-Kabler Sandra Townsend Alan J Torti Frank M Torti Suzy V |
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Affiliation: | Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. |
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Abstract: | Compounds that induce the synthesis of cytoprotective phase II enzymes have shown promise as cancer chemopreventive agents. Although chemically diverse, phase II enzyme inducers are capable of participating in Michael reaction chemistry. We have synthesized a novel class of organosulfur compounds, termed oxathiolene oxides (OTEOs). Based on their chemical properties, we hypothesized that these compounds could function as phase II enzyme inducers. Northern blot analysis showed that oxathiolene oxides induce the phase II enzymes glutathione S-transferase (GST), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and ferritin H and L mRNA in a concentration-dependent fashion in a normal embryonic mouse liver cell line, BNLCL.2. OTEO-562 (3-cyclohexenyl-4-methyl-1,2-oxathiol-3-ene-2-oxide) was the strongest inducer. Western blot analysis demonstrated that GST-alpha and ferritin H protein levels were also induced in cells treated with OTEO-562, as was total GST and NQO1 enzyme activity. Further, induction of NQO1 activity by OTEO-562 was equivalent in aromatic hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor wild-type and Ah receptor mutant cell lines, suggesting that oxathiolene oxides activate phase II enzymes by an Ah receptor-independent mechanism. Consistent with this observation, OTEO-562 failed to induce cytochrome P450 1A1 mRNA. These results suggest that oxathiolene oxides may merit further investigation as candidate chemopreventive agents. |
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Keywords: | Ah receptor, aromatic hydrocarbon receptor anti-BPDE, anti-7β,8α-dihydroxy-9α,10α-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene ARE, antioxidant responsive element BHA, butylated hydroxyanisole t-BHQ, tert-butyl hydroquinone CD, concentration of a drug required to double the activity of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 CDNB, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium DTT, dithiothreitol EpRE, electrophile responsive element GST, glutathione S-transferase HO-1, heme oxygenase 1 smallcaps" >ic50, concentration of drug required for 50% inhibition of cell growth α-MEM, α-minimum essential medium MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazo-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide β-NF, β-naphthoflavone NQO1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride OSRE, oxidative stress responsive element OTEO, oxathiolene oxide ROS, reactive oxygen species XRE, xenobiotic responsive element |
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