A Single Immediate Use of the Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Induces Neuroprotection of Hippocampal Region Against Global Cerebral Ischemia |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China;2. Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women''s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA;3. Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;4. Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women''s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;5. Reveal Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA;6. Research Information Systems and Computing, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA;7. Boston Children''s Hospital Informatics Program, Boston, MA, USA;8. Department of Computer Science, Loyola University, Chicago, IL, USA;9. Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women''s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;10. Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;11. Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;12. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women''s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;1. Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Hippokration”, Konstantinoupoleos 49, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece;2. Third Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Hippokration”, Greece;3. Veterans Affairs Medical Center, George Washington University, District of Columbia, Washington, USA;1. Department of Geriatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China;2. Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China;1. Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Department of Neurology and Feil Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA;2. Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA;1. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora CO, USA;2. Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora CO, USA;3. Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora CO, USA;4. Department of Emergency Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora CO, USA;5. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora CO, USA;6. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine;7. 7;1. Medical Sciences Postgraduation Program, Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceará, 60811-905, Brazil;2. Medicine Program, Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceará, 60811-905, Brazil;3. Neurology Department, Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60150-160, Brazil;4. Medicine Program, Centro Universitário Christus (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, Ceará, 60190-180, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | ObjectivesGlobal cerebral ischemia (CI) causes severe neuronal injury, mainly in the hippocampal CA1 region. This study aimed to investigate an immediate using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in reducing neuronal injury induced by CI.Materials and methodsThe 32 Wistar male rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=8 per group). In the ischemia group (I), CI was induced via the 4-vessel occlusion model. In the sham group (Sh), rats did not receive any intervention. In the ischemia+cathodal group (I+c/tDCS), the cathodal current was applied during CI. In the ischemia+anodal group (I+a/tDCS), the anodal current was applied. The current intensity of 400 μA was applied for 15-min during the ischemia. Hippocampal tissue was used to assess levels of NMDAR, IL-1β, TNF-α, MDA, SOD, NOS, and apoptosis markers. Histological assessment and TUNEL staining were performed in CA1 hippocampal region.ResultsThe c/tDCS significantly decreased the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α than the I and a/tDCS groups. The c/tDCS significantly reduced MDA and NOS levels, while increasing the level of SOD than the I and a/tDCS. The c/tDCS caused a significant decrease in NMDAR level than the a/tDCS. Using c/tDCS significantly reduced the Bax and Caspase-3 expressions, while increasing the Bcl-2 expression than the I group. In the c/tDCS group, DNA fragmentation and neuronal death were significantly lower than the I and a/tDCS groups.ConclusionUsing cathodal a direct current could attenuate primary pathophysiological pathways induced by CI, and it eventually reduced neurons death and apoptosis in the CA1 hippocampal region. |
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