The biological activity of G-quadruplex DNA binding papaverine-derived ligand in breast cancer cells

Summary  It was shown previously that the papaverine oxidation products 6a,12a-diazadibenzo-[a,g]fluorenylium derivative (ligand 1) and 2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-12-oxo-12H-indolo[2,1-a]isoquinolinium chloride (ligand 2) bind to guanine-quadruplexes (G4) of single stranded G-rich 3′-overhangs of mammalian telomeric DNA. Here we show the biological activity of ligand 1. This compound exhibit antiproliferative activity in MCF-7 cells (IC₅₀ for ligand 1 = 14.16 ± 0.01 μM, 24 h, 1.158 ± 0.056 μM, 72 h. PCNA levels were not altered after treatment of MCF-7 cells with concentrations of ligand 1 which, however, led to alterations in the cell cycle. 5 and 10 μM of the ligand 1 arrested cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and this led to a decrease of cells in the S phase. Intracellular accumulation of ligand 1 was observed even after a cell passage and medium exchange in fluorescence microscopy while low concentrations of ligand 1 (0.001 to 0.1 μM) inhibited telomerase activity as shown by TRAP assay.