精神卫生与心理咨询从业人员对同性恋群体态度研究

目的:了解精神卫生和心理咨询从业人员对性少数群体的认知、态度和接纳程度,以及可能的影响因素;了解精神卫生与心理咨询从业人员对性倾向扭转治疗的态度,以及扭转治疗的实施现状;为中国同性恋完全去病理化工作提供一定的数据支持。方法:采用自编问卷,结合电话访谈进行线上和线下调查。自编问卷包括基本信息、性少数群体认知、精神卫生与心理咨询从业人员对同性恋来访者接待态度量表和扭转治疗的操作。线下调查采用配额抽样,各地合作机构和个人经过测试培训后完成各地的问卷发放和回收,线上调查由某医学类专业网站发放问卷。有效样本996个,来自全国29个省级行政单位。结果:(1)精神卫生与心理咨询从业人员对同性恋群体的态度得分为3.05,"接待感受"因子平均分为3.11,"接待意愿"因子平均分为3.02。(2)对同性恋的态度在性别认同、职业领域、海外经历、学历、培训程度、是否接待过同性恋、是否支持扭转治疗上存在显著差异。(3)调查对象中从未接受过和很少接受过同性恋相关培训的分别为33.6%和36.1%,对性倾向能否改变最主要的看法是"部分人可以改变",对同性恋的定性最主要的看法是"正常行为"。(4)62.1%的调查对象反对扭转治疗。(5)扭转治疗个案持续时间从1个月以下到6个月以上不等,费用高于普通治疗或咨询。方法以心理治疗为主,最主要的治疗结果为"未改变性倾向"。(6)"是否接受过有关培训"和"对同性恋认识程度"对调查对象对同性恋群体的态度以及是否支持扭转治疗有显著预测作用。结论:总体来说,精神卫生和心理咨询从业人员对同性恋者的接待感受和接待意愿较好,但仍有部分受访者对同性恋者有潜在歧视。性倾向扭转治疗在中国仍然被使用。影响精神卫生与心理咨询从业人员对性少数群体态度的关键因素是他们对性少数群体相关知识的掌握程度,态度对是否支持扭转治疗有显著影响。开展多元性别培训是加强认知与改善态度的重要方法。

Awareness and attitudes towards gender/sexual minority among psychiatrists and psychologists

Objectives:To understand psychiatrists and psychological counseling practitioners' cognition,attitude and level of acceptance towards gender and sexual minorities,as well as their attitude towards conversion therapy and how conversion therapy is implemented,in order to provide data support.Methods:A self-designed questionnairend telephone interview was adopted.The questionnaire consisted of four parts:basic information,knowledge about lesbian gay bisexual transgender (LGBT),attitude scale toward LGBT visitors,and practices of conversion therapy.Quota sampling was adopted.The questionnaires were distributed in different areas based on demographic information and the capabilities of the distributors.The distributors were trained and examined online,and then distributed and collected the questionnaires.50％ of the questionnaires were collected through an academic website which provides information,documentation,knowledge base and resources to practitioners in the medical institutions.These questionnaires were distributed to psychiatrists and mental counselors across the country through the website.The survey was carried out in 29 provinces and 996 valid samples returned.Results:(1) The average score of the respondents was 3.05 and the average score in factor "feelings during reception" was 3.11 and in "willingness during reception" was 3.02.(2) There was a significant difference in attitude to LGBT in areas among gender identity,profession,overseas experience,highest education,training,experiences with LGBT and the attitude to conversion therapy.(3) 33.6％ of respondents had nerver recieved trainging about LGBT and 36.1％ rarely.Main perspective of respondents were "some peoples' sexual orientation can be changed" and "homosexuality is a normal behavior".(4) 62.1％ of respondents were against conversion therapy.(5) Conversion therapy cases lasted from less than one month to more than six months.The mainly uesd method was psychotherapy treatment and the main therapic orientation were cognitive therapy and psychoanalysis.Most conversion therapies were ended with failure.LGBT related training and knowledge could influence the attitude to LGBT and conversion therapy.Conclusion:Generally speaking,most psychiatrists and psychological counselors are willing to receive GSM visitors and are comfortable with their counseling;however,some respondents still have misconceptions about LGBT.Conversion therapy is still used in China.The key factor affecting psychiatrists and psychological counselors' attitudes towards LGBT is their knowledge about GSM,with their attitude strongly affecting their behavior towards conversion therapy.Relevant training in gender diversity will have a great impact on improving their knowledge as well as improving the attitude to LGBT.