小鼠肿瘤肺转移模型及其应用进展

尽管肿瘤的早期诊断和治疗手段不断提高,转移依然是导致恶性肿瘤患者死亡的主要原因。肺由于独特的生理、病理特征,是恶性肿瘤最容易发生远端转移的器官。肿瘤肺转移具有难以预测性,并且可能导致无法逆转的损伤。目前尚未发现肿瘤转移的确切机制和针对其有效的靶向防治手段。中医药凭借独特的辨证论治理论体系,在肿瘤肺转移的防治方面已有显著进展,但其应用方法和具体作用机制等仍待深入的研究和探索。为此,需要更精准、更符合临床疾病发生发展规律的动物模型作为研究媒介,故建立模拟肿瘤患者肺转移的动物模型已成为肿瘤肺转移研究的关键。通过介绍尾静脉注射法、乳垫注射法、皮下注射法、骨髓注射法、组织块原位移植法和基因工程小鼠等常用的肺转移模型的构建方法、应用以及评价,以期能够为研究肺转移小鼠模型的选择提供参考,为肿瘤肺转移的早期诊断、预防治疗及其发病原因、内在分子机制探索等提供更好的研究平台。此外,小鼠肺转移模型的发展还需思维广度及深度的拓展,对现有的模型合理、灵活的叠加运用及多学科的交叉合作,以建立更符合临床实际的动物模型,获得更可靠的研究结果。

Research Progress and Application of Mouse Tumor Lung Metastasis Models

Early diagnoses and treatment methods are being constantly improved, but cancer metastasis remains a main cause of mortality in malignant tumor patients. Lung is thought to be the organ most prone to distal metastasis among malignant tumors due to its unique physiological and pathological character. Tumor lung metastasis is unpredictable and may result in irreversible damages. Presently, no exact mechanism or specific targeting therapies are found. Depending on the unique theory system-treatment based on symptom differentiation, traditional Chinese medicine has made significant progress on controlling tumor lung metastasis, but its application methods and mechanism still need further study and exploration. More appropriate and idealized animal models are required as a studying medium. Therefore, the establishment of animal models to simulate lung metastasis of cancer patients has become the key to the study of tumor lung metastasis. In order to produce a better platform for investigating the pathogenesis, underlying mechanism, early diagnosis and therapeutics for tumor lung metastasis, and to provide reference for the selection and establishment of mouse lung metastasis model, this article would introduce the implementation, application and estimation of several common methods (tail vein injection, mammary fat pad orthotopic injection, tibia injection, tissue orthotopic implantation, transgenic mice and so on). Meanwhile, the development of mouse lung metastasis model still needs expanding of thoughts, rational and flexible utilization of existing models, and interdisciplinary cooperation to establish preferable animal models and make results more reliable.