辽宁城市大气污染造成的居民健康损失及其货币化估计

目的 为提供环境保护措施成本-效益分析时用的基础依据。研究改善大气污染时可产生的附带健康效益，并使之货币化，方法 根据近年来国内外权威机构和本地区的大气污染与健康关系研究成果，确定了单位污染物（每100μg/m^3的TSP和10μg/m^3的SO2）的增减与急慢性健康效应之间的相关函数值。进而以抚顺市为例。具体计算2000年每减低一定量污染物后可避免的死亡数和急慢性呼吸系统疾病发病数。再计算因病所致的直接和间接经济损失及超额死亡的货币化损失。对后者采用3种方法；人力资本法，统计生命价值法（VOSL）即意愿支付法（WTP）和生命年价值法（VOLY）。结果 按抚顺市2000年的污染水平，TSP每减低100μg/m^3可产生的总的经济效益，因对死亡的不同估价方法而动摇在1.4亿-3.4亿元之间，约占抚顺市区国民生产总值的0.75%-1.95%。该文推荐使用适合辽宁城市各项指标的货币化方法，认为第三种评价法（VOLY）较为合理，由此计算相应的效益是1.48亿元。约占国民生产总值的0.85%。结论 在做环境污染造成的经济损失货币化估计时，应采取我国的效应相关函数值和对死亡的估价法。

Assessment of Economic Loss Due to Health Impact of Air Pollution in City of Liaoning Province

Objective As part of the basic for cost-benefit assessment in decision for environmental protection measures, health benefit from improvement of air pollution was provided through this study. Methods According to the results from many well-done studies of local, domestic, and international authoritative institutions on relationship of air pollution and health impact, E-R functions (Exposure-Response) in terms of total mortality and morbidity of respiratory diseases from acute and chronic effects associated with increase of unit air pollutants (each 100 ?g/m3 TSP and 10 ?g/m3 SO2) were identified. As a real practice, the excess (avoidable) number of deaths and patients of respiratory diseases associated with 100 ?g/m3 TSP and 10 ?g/m3 SO2 of air pollution were estimated for Fushun City in year of 2000. The costs of medical treatment, as well as the payment for labor days were investigated. The direct and indirect economic losses from corresponding diseases were calculated. As for the estimation of economic loss from excess deaths, three methods of evaluation were applied, i.e. labor capital method; value of statistics life (VOSL), namely the method of willing to pay (WTP); and value of life year (VOLY). Results The total economic benefit combined from above aspects resulting from decreasing 100 ?g/m3 TSP ranges over 1.4 hundred millions-3.4 hundred millions yuan, accounting for 0.75%-1.95% of total product value (GDP) of Fushun City in year of 2000. Methods and indices of monetary estimation for health impact of air pollution adapted to Liaoning city was suggested. As the author's point of view, the third method of VOLY was preferable, by which, 1.48 hundred millions yuan benefit was estimated, accounting for 0.85% of GDP. Conclusions Domestic E-R functions should be worked out for assessing economic loss due to environmental pullution.