Imaging in retinal vascular disease: A review

Retinal vascular diseases represent a broad field of ocular pathologies. Retinal imaging is an important tool for diagnosis, prognosis and follow up of retinal vascular diseases. It includes a wide variety of imaging techniques ranging from colour fundus photography and optical coherence tomography to dynamic diagnostic options such as fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography angiography. The newest developments in respective imaging techniques include widefield imaging to assess the retinal periphery, which is of especial interest in retinal vascular diseases. Automatic image analysis and artificial intelligence may support the image analysis and may prove valuable for prognostic purposes. This review provides a broad overview of the imaging techniques that have been used in the past, today and maybe in the future to stage and monitor retinal vascular disease with focus on the main disease entities including diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and retinal artery occlusion.