标准通道经皮肾镜碎石术中肾盂内压的改变及#br# 对肾小球滤过率的影响*

目的探讨标准通道经皮肾镜碎石术(PCNL)中肾盂内压的改变及通道创伤对患肾肾小球滤过率(GFR)的影响。方法共156例患者,男81例,女75例,年龄27~72岁,平均(48.04±10.39)岁。根据B超有无肾积水及程度分为:正常无积水组56例,轻度积水组62例,中度积水组38例。重度肾积水5例因患肾GFR10 ml/min均行肾切除术而未入组。经腹部X线片测量结石最大纵径0.6~5.0 cm,平均(2.13±0.94)cm。最大横径0.5~3.0 cm,平均(1.51±0.61)cm。肾结石直径2.0 cm或体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)治疗失败的直径1.5 cm的肾结石及上段输尿管结石为手术适应证。术前常规进行影像学检查。所有患者采用全麻,先经膀胱镜向患侧输尿管逆行置入6F输尿管导管至肾盂内,导管通过压力传感器模块,密闭连接多参数监护仪,压力传感器固定在肾盂平面。测压系统调零。术中实时监测记录肾盂内压变化。在B超定位、引导下,进行经皮肾穿刺,建立24F标准皮肾单通道,应用EMS超声气压弹道碎石清石系统碎石、清石治疗。全部患者PCNL术前及术后1周接受核素肾动态显像检查。采用SPSS 19.0软件处理数据,PCNL术前与术后GFR变化采用配对t检验,组间为方差分析。PCNL术前与术中肾盂内压变化采用独立样本t检验。结果手术时间83~113 min,手术一期结石清除率75.0%。无术中、术后出血需输血者,无胸膜、腹腔器官损伤等严重并发症发生。无肾积水正常组和轻度积水组碎石前、碎石中肾盂内压的变化差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。中度积水组碎石中肾盂内压高于碎石前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。碎石前3组间肾盂内压比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。碎石中正常组与轻度积水组肾盂内压比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),中度积水组碎石中肾盂内压高于正常组和轻度积水组(P0.05)。术中可见肾盂内压瞬间升高,最高达67.00 mm Hg,持续时间短暂。各组平均肾盂内压,无论PCNL碎石前、碎石中,均30.00 mm Hg。各组PCNL术前与PCNL术后GFR变化差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论标准通道PCNL手术对无积水肾或轻度积水肾的肾盂内压无明显影响。对中度以上积水肾,应避免肾盂内压增高导致返流、感染。标准通道PCNL围手术期,术肾GFR未见显著变化。

The variation of renal pelvic pressure and the influence on renal glomerular filtration rate during percutaneous nephrolithotomy via standard- tract*

Abstract: Objective To investigate the variation of renal pelvic pressure during percutaneous  nephrolithotomy (PCNL) via standard nephrostomy tract and explore its influence on renal function. Methods 156 patients with renal calculi were selected for PCNL in standard-tract. The patients were divided into normal, mild hydronephrosis, moderate hydronephrosis groups according to the image by color Doppler ultrasonograph. A transurethral 6F ureteral catheter was inserted into renal pelvis and connected to the pressure monitering system before PCNL. During the operations, all the nephrostomy tracts were dilated to F24 size after successful puncture. Energy used was pneumatic and ultrasound lithotripsy. Renal function of the patients was evaluated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) determined by 99mTc-DTPA dynamic renal imaging before and one week after PCNL. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19.0 software. Results The stone clearance rate was 75.0% in one-session procedure. Severe complications did not occur during the operation, such as hemorrhage needing nephrectomy and abdominal organ injury or pneumothorax. There were no statistically significant differences between normal and mild hydronephrosis groups for the variation of renal pelvic pressure during preoperative versus intraoperative PCNL (P > 0.05). The renal pelvic pressure was significantly higher during operation than those of preoperation in moderate hydronephrosis group (P < 0.05), and it was greater than those of normal and mild hydronephrosis groups during operation (P < 0.05). Renal pelvic pressure generally remained lower than a level to 30.00 mmHg. There were no significant differences of preoperative and postoperative glomerular filtration rate in all the groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions There were no significant differences on the renal pelvic pressure in normal group and mild hydronephrosis group during operation via standard nephrostomy tract. It should be careful to maintain the lower intrapelvic pressure in order to avoid reflux and infection in moderate hydronephrosis group. Percutaneous  nephrolithotomy via standard- tract does not cause significant effects on glomerular filtration rate during the perioperative period of PCNL .