从"医诗"看明季文人对医德医术的评价

儒与医关系紧密,文人与士大夫中不乏懂医或与医界人士有交游者。他们以诗文会友,留下不少和医有关的诗作,这是我们研究当时的医德、医术、医风的宝贵资料,此处不妨称之为“医诗”。将明人诗文集里的“医诗”加以整理研究,可以看出：明季文人心中理想的医生是“儒医”,医生的理想品质是淡泊名利、不俗不媚、仁慈善良而有济世之心。良医要潜心业务、留心病理与药理中的“玄机”。黄帝、岐伯、扁鹊被尊为医家的先师和圣人,世代为医者受推崇,他们重视方剂,尤重“秘方”、“禁方”、“海上方”等。许多“医诗”中提到炼丹,这是因为中国传统医学与道教有较为密切的关系。

Evaluation on medical morality and technique of doctors through "medical poems" in the Ming Dy-nasty

The theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is the extensive and profound and marvel in the world. There was close relationship between doctors and Confucian scholars and their thoughts. Some Confucians also knew medicine and kept contact with the doctors. They composed poems and writings to meet doctor friends and medical activity, which became good references for the study of medical morality. Such are the ideal morality and ability of the ideal doctors in the opinion of the scholars of the Ming Dynasty: The best doctors are the ones who had background of good education, Confucian doctors. They should not care much about rank or pay, but care much for people' s health, and be kind and benevolent. They must be expert in medical science and pay attention to even the small differences in diseases and medicine. They respected Huangdi, Qibo and Bianque as the forefathers and noble men of Chinese medicine. They thought high of the tradition and accumulation of medical knowledge. They also thought high of remedies, especially the secret ones, royal ones and the oversea ones. Many poems mentioned alchemy. That was because there was close relationship between TCM and Daoism.