Chemosensory processing in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Niemannsweg 147, 24105, Kiel, Germany;2. Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold- Heller-Str. 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany;3. Department of Neurology & Stroke, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Ottfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany;4. Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Ottfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany;5. Institute of Psychology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 62, 24118, Kiel, Germany;6. Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany;7. Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany;1. Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States;2. Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, United States;3. Duke Center for Human Disease Modeling, Durham, NC, United States;4. Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States;5. The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, United States;6. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States;1. Israel Center for Disease Control (ICDC), Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel;2. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel;1. Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055, Basel, Switzerland;2. Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, CH-4055, Basel, Switzerland;3. Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, CH-4055, Basel, Switzerland;4. Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland;5. Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055, Basel, Switzerland |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundIn attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) not only deficits in dopamine-related cognitive functioning have been found but also a lower dopamine-sensitive olfactory threshold. The aim of the present study was to proof that only olfactory but not trigeminal sensitivity is increased in ADHD. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to show increased olfactory bulb (OB) volume- a structure which is strongly shaped by olfactory performance through the mechanism of neuroplasticity (e.g. synaptogenesis). To elucidate whether cortical mechanisms are involved in altered olfaction in ADHD, functional MRI (fMRI) was introduced.MethodsA total of 18 boys with ADHD and 17 healthy controls (aged 7–12) were included in the study. Olfactory as well as trigeminal detection thresholds were examined. OB sizes were measured by means of structural MRI and an analysis of effective functional (fMRI) coupling of primary olfactory cortex was conducted. The frontal piriform cortex (fPIR) was chosen as seed region because of its importance in processing both trigeminal and olfactory stimuli as well as having profound influence on inner OB-signaling.ResultsIncreased olfactory sensitivity as well as an increase in OB volume was found in ADHD. There were no group differences in sensitivity towards a trigeminal stimulus. Compared to healthy controls, the fPIR in ADHD was more positively coupled with structures belonging to the salience network during olfactory and, to a lesser extent, during trigeminal stimulation.ConclusionsOlfactory functioning is superior in subjects with ADHD. The observed increase in OB volume may relate to higher olfactory sensitivity in terms of neuroplasticity. During the processing of chemosensory stimuli, the primary olfactory cortex in ADHD is differently coupled to higher cortical structures which might indicate an altered top-down influence on OB structure and function. |
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| Keywords: | ADHD Olfactory processing Trigeminal processing Sensory threshold Olfactory bulb fMRI |
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