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Extracellular Myocardial Volume in Patients With Aortic Stenosis
Affiliation:1. Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;2. Barts Health NHS Trust and University College London, London, United Kingdom;3. UPMC Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Center, Heart and Vascular Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;4. Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea;5. University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, BHF Centre of Research Excellence (Oxford), NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Oxford), Oxford, United Kingdom;6. Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and the NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom;7. Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre & The Division of Biomedical Imaging, Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom;8. Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec/Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada;9. National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore;10. Inherited Heart Muscle Disease Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Royal Free Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom;11. Division of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea;12. Charité Campus Buch ECRC, Berlin, and Helios Clinics Cardiology Germany, DZHK partner site, Berlin, Germany
Abstract:BackgroundMyocardial fibrosis is a key mechanism of left ventricular decompensation in aortic stenosis and can be quantified using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) measures such as extracellular volume fraction (ECV%). Outcomes following aortic valve intervention may be linked to the presence and extent of myocardial fibrosis.ObjectivesThis study sought to determine associations between ECV% and markers of left ventricular decompensation and post-intervention clinical outcomes.MethodsPatients with severe aortic stenosis underwent CMR, including ECV% quantification using modified Look-Locker inversion recovery–based T1 mapping and late gadolinium enhancement before aortic valve intervention. A central core laboratory quantified CMR parameters.ResultsFour-hundred forty patients (age 70 ± 10 years, 59% male) from 10 international centers underwent CMR a median of 15 days (IQR: 4 to 58 days) before aortic valve intervention. ECV% did not vary by scanner manufacturer, magnetic field strength, or T1 mapping sequence (all p > 0.20). ECV% correlated with markers of left ventricular decompensation including left ventricular mass, left atrial volume, New York Heart Association functional class III/IV, late gadolinium enhancement, and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (p < 0.05 for all), the latter 2 associations being independent of all other clinical variables (p = 0.035 and p < 0.001). After a median of 3.8 years (IQR: 2.8 to 4.6 years) of follow-up, 52 patients had died, 14 from adjudicated cardiovascular causes. A progressive increase in all-cause mortality was seen across tertiles of ECV% (17.3, 31.6, and 52.7 deaths per 1,000 patient-years; log-rank test; p = 0.009). Not only was ECV% associated with cardiovascular mortality (p = 0.003), but it was also independently associated with all-cause mortality following adjustment for age, sex, ejection fraction, and late gadolinium enhancement (hazard ratio per percent increase in ECV%: 1.10; 95% confidence interval [1.02 to 1.19]; p = 0.013).ConclusionsIn patients with severe aortic stenosis scheduled for aortic valve intervention, an increased ECV% is a measure of left ventricular decompensation and a powerful independent predictor of mortality.
Keywords:aortic stenosis  cardiovascular magnetic resonance  diffuse myocardial fibrosis  T1 mapping  CI"  },{"  #name"  :"  keyword"  ,"  $"  :{"  id"  :"  kwrd0035"  },"  $$"  :[{"  #name"  :"  text"  ,"  _"  :"  confidence interval  CMR"  },{"  #name"  :"  keyword"  ,"  $"  :{"  id"  :"  kwrd0045"  },"  $$"  :[{"  #name"  :"  text"  ,"  _"  :"  cardiovascular magnetic resonance  ECV"  },{"  #name"  :"  keyword"  ,"  $"  :{"  id"  :"  kwrd0055"  },"  $$"  :[{"  #name"  :"  text"  ,"  _"  :"  extracellular volume  ECV%"  },{"  #name"  :"  keyword"  ,"  $"  :{"  id"  :"  kwrd0065"  },"  $$"  :[{"  #name"  :"  text"  ,"  _"  :"  extracellular volume fraction  HR"  },{"  #name"  :"  keyword"  ,"  $"  :{"  id"  :"  kwrd0075"  },"  $$"  :[{"  #name"  :"  text"  ,"  _"  :"  hazard ratio  iECV"  },{"  #name"  :"  keyword"  ,"  $"  :{"  id"  :"  kwrd0085"  },"  $$"  :[{"  #name"  :"  text"  ,"  _"  :"  indexed extracellular volume  LA"  },{"  #name"  :"  keyword"  ,"  $"  :{"  id"  :"  kwrd0095"  },"  $$"  :[{"  #name"  :"  text"  ,"  _"  :"  left atrial  LV"  },{"  #name"  :"  keyword"  ,"  $"  :{"  id"  :"  kwrd0105"  },"  $$"  :[{"  #name"  :"  text"  ,"  _"  :"  left ventricular  NYHA"  },{"  #name"  :"  keyword"  ,"  $"  :{"  id"  :"  kwrd0115"  },"  $$"  :[{"  #name"  :"  text"  ,"  _"  :"  New York Heart Association  STS-PROM"  },{"  #name"  :"  keyword"  ,"  $"  :{"  id"  :"  kwrd0125"  },"  $$"  :[{"  #name"  :"  text"  ,"  _"  :"  Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality
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