Acoustic Doppler sonography, color duplex ultrasound, and laser Doppler flowmetry as tools for successful autologous breast reconstruction

The sine qua non to best ensure viability of any autogenous tissues used for breast reconstruction is to maximize the appropriate circulatory pattern to that tissue. This overview of tools used in this regard, all based on the physical principles of the Doppler effect, compares the role today of acoustic Doppler sonography, color duplex ultrasound, and laser Doppler flowmetry for perforator identification and flap monitoring. The audible Doppler has recognized limitations, but remains the simplest and most universally available device to assist in this purpose. Laser Doppler flowmetry provides a reasonable system for both intraoperative and post-procedure objective monitoring of the chosen tissue transfer.